7 layers
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vembandasamy7 layers
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vembandasamyOSI Reference Model
• OSI Reference Model - internationally
standardised network architecture.
• OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals
with open systems, i.e. systems open for
communications with other systems.
• Specified in ISO 7498.
• Model has 7 layers.
7-Layer OSI Model
Layer 7 Application Layer • Layers 1-4 relate to
Layer 6 Presentation Layer communications technology.
• Layers 5-7 relate to user
Layer 5 Session Layer
applications.
Layer 4 Transport Layer
Layer 3 Network Layer
Layer 2 Data Link Layer
Layer 1 Physical Layer
Communications subnet boundary
Layer 7: Application
Layer
• Level at which applications access
network services.
– Represents services that directly
support software applications for file
transfers, database access, and
electronic mail etc.
Layer 6: Presentation
Layer
• Related to representation of
transmitted data
– Translates different data representations
from the Application layer into uniform
standard format
• Providing services for secure efficient
data transmission
– e.g. data encryption, and data
compression.
Layer 5: Session Layer
• Allows two applications on different
computers to establish, use, and end a
session.
– e.g. file transfer, remote login
• Establishes dialog control
– Regulates which side transmits, plus when and
how long it transmits.
• Performs token management and synchronization.
Layer 4: Transport
Layer
• Manages transmission packets
– Repackages long messages when
necessary into small packets for
transmission
– Reassembles packets in correct order to
get the original message.
• Handles error recognition and
recovery.
– Transport layer at receiving
acknowledges packet delivery.
– Resends missing packets
Layer 3: Network Layer
• Manages addressing/routing of data within the
subnet
– Addresses messages and translates logical
addresses and names into physical addresses.
– Determines the route from the source to the
destination computer
– Manages traffic problems, such as switching,
routing, and controlling the congestion of data
packets.
• Routing can be:
– Based on static tables
– determined at start of each session
– Individually determined for each packet, reflecting the current
network load.
Layer 2: Data Link
Layer
Packages raw bits from the Physical
layer into frames (logical, structured
packets for data).
Provides reliable transmission of
frames
It waits for an acknowledgment from the
receiving computer.
Retransmits frames for which
acknowledgement not received
Layer 1: Physical Layer
• Transmits bits from one computer to another
• Regulates the transmission of a stream of
bits over a physical medium.
• Defines how the cable is attached to the
network adapter and what transmission
technique is used to send data over the
cable. Deals with issues like
– The definition of 0 and 1, e.g. how many volts represents a 1,
and how long a bit lasts?
– Whether the channel is simplex or duplex?
– How many pins a connector has, and what the function of
each pin is?
Internet Protocols vs
OSI
Application • Explicit
Presentation and
Presentation Application session layers
Session missing in
Internet Protocols
Transport TCP
• Data Link and
IP
Network Network Layers
Data Link Network Interface redesigned
Physical Hardware
Reliability
• Reliable services never lose/corrupt data.
• Reliable service costs more.
• Typical application for reliable service is file
transfer.
• Typical application not needing reliable service
is voice traffic.
• Not all applications need connections.
Topics
• Service = set of primitives provided by one
layer to layer above.
• Service defines what layer can do (but not how
it does it).
• Protocol = set of rules governing data
communication between peer entities, i.e.
format and meaning of frames/packets.
• Service/protocol decoupling very important.
OSI Layers
OSI Model
Data
Layer Function
unit
Network process to
7. Application
application
Data Data representation,
Host 6. Presentation
encryption and decryption
layers
5. Session Interhost communication
Segme End-to-end connections
4. Transport
nts and reliability, Flow control
Path determination and
Packet 3. Network
logical addressing
Media
Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
layers
Going from
Bit layer to 7: PleaseMedia,
1. 1Physical
signal
Do Not and binary
Throw
Sausage Pizza Away transmission
Going from layer 7 to 1: All People Seem To Need 13
Data Processing
Internet Protocols vs OSI
Application • Explicit
Presentation and
Presentation Application session layers
Session missing in
Internet Protocols
Transport TCP
• Data Link and
IP
Network Network Layers
Data Link Network Interface redesigned
Physical Hardware
