CURRENT,
RESISTANCE,
AND
ELECTROMOTIV
CONVENTIONAL CURRENT VS ELECTRON FLOW
• Conventional Current is the flow of current in a circuit from
POSITIVE terminal to NEGATIVE terminal.
• Electron Flow is the actual movement of electrons from NEGATIVE
terminal to POSITIVE terminal.
• After Electron flow sends electrons to a positive terminal, the
Conventional Current will send back the current to a negative
terminal.
CONVENTIONAL CURRENT VS ELECTRON FLOW
When a circuit is connected, the positive terminal pulls the valence
electrons away from copper atoms in the wire. When an atom loses one
or more electrons, it becomes a positive ion because it now has more
protons than electrons. Being positive, the ions attract other negative
electrons from neighboring atoms, thus creating a chain reaction of
current flow.
CONVENTIONAL CURRENT VS ELECTRON FLOW
CHARGE
Where:
q=I
×t
q = Charge in Coulomb (C)
I = Ampere (A)
t = Time in seconds (s)
Used to calculate the amount of electric charge (in coulombs) that flows
through a circuit over a given period.
CHARGES PROBLEM
A light bulb operates with a current of 2.5 A for 10
minutes. How much electric charge passes through
the bulb during this time?
CHARGES PROBLEM
CHARGES PROBLEM
An electric fan requires 600 C of charge to operate
for 5 minutes. What is the current flowing through
the fan?
CHARGES PROBLEM
Given:
q = 600C
t = 5mins x = 300secs
I=?
Solution:
Formula: q = I·t
I=
I = 2A
CHARGES PROBLEM
A circuit carries a 4 A current and transfers 960 C of
charge. How long does the current flow?
CHARGES PROBLEM
Given:
I = 4A
q = 960C
t=?
Solution:
Formula: q = I·t
t=
t = 240s or 4mins
DRIFT VELOCITY
• Drift velocity is the average velocity attained by charged particles,
such as electrons, in a material due to an electric field.
• Current and current density is directly proportional to the drift velocity.
Electric Current:
I = n*q*vd*A
Current Density:
Where:
J = I/A
I = Electric Current (A)
n = num. density of charge carriers
Substituting I, we get:
(q per unit volume)
J = n*q*vd
q = charge of each carrier (C)
= drift velocity (m/s)
A = cross-sectional area of conductor (m²)
Current Density: (Other Formula)
J = I/A or J = σE or J = ρv
J= I/A
Where:
J = Electric Current Density
I = Current (Ampere or A) J = ρv
A = cross-sectional area of conductor (m²) Where:
J = Electric Current Density
J = σE ρ = Charge Density
Where: v = velocity of charge
J = Electric Current Density
σ = Conductivity
E = Electric Field
DRIFT VELOCITY PROBLEM
A copper wire has a charge carrier density of 8.5 ×
10²⁸ electrons/m³. If the charge of an electron is 1.6
× 10⁻¹⁹ C and the drift velocity of the electrons is 2 ×
10⁻⁴ m/s, what is the current density in the wire?
DRIFT VELOCITY PROBLEM
Given: Unit Analysis:
n = 8.5 x
q = 1.6 x
=
Solution:
Using Formula: J = nq
J = (8.5 x ) (1.6 x ) ()
J = 2720000
J = 2720000 or 2.72 x
DRIFT VELOCITY PROBLEM
A metal wire with a cross-sectional area of 2 × 10⁻⁶
m² carries a current. The number of charge carriers
per unit volume is 5 × 10²⁸ electrons/m³, and the drift
velocity is 3 × 10⁻⁴ m/s. If the charge of an electron
is 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, what is the current flowing through
the wire?
DRIFT VELOCITY PROBLEM
DRIFT VELOCITY PROBLEM
A copper wire carries a current of 6 A with a cross-
sectional area of 3 × 10⁻⁶ m². If the number of
charge carriers is 8.5 × 10²⁸ electrons/m³, and the
charge of an electron is 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, what is the
drift velocity of the electrons?
DRIFT VELOCITY PROBLEM
TEMPERATURE
When the temperature of a metal conductor increases, its resistance also
increases; meaning, as the temperature goes up, the conductor becomes
more resistant to the flow of electric current.
This is because as the temperature increases the atomic lattice of the
conductor has more energy so begins to vibrate more. This means it is
more likely for any electrons travelling within the conductor to interact
with atoms thus increasing its resistance.
R = R₀(1+aΔT)
Where:
R = Resistance - Ohms ()
R₀ = Resistance in Temperature a = Temperature coefficient
ΔT = Change in Temperature
TEMPERATURE PROBLEM
A copper wire has an initial resistance of 50 Ω at
20°C. If the temperature coefficient of resistance for
copper is 0.0039°C⁻¹, what will be the resistance of
the wire when the temperature increases to 80°C?
TEMPERATURE PROBLEM
TEMPERATURE PROBLEM
A heating coil has a resistance of 120 Ω when its
temperature rises to 150°C. If the temperature
coefficient of resistance is 0.0045°C⁻¹ and the initial
temperature was 30°C, what was its resistance at the
initial temperature?
TEMPERATURE PROBLEM
TEMPERATURE PROBLEM
A tungsten filament has an initial resistance of 10 Ω
at 25°C. When heated, its resistance increases to 18
Ω. If the temperature coefficient of resistance for
tungsten is 0.0045°C⁻¹, what is the final
temperature?
TEMPERATURE PROBLEM
LENGTH
As the length is increased, the number of fixed positive ions increases
and thus the collision of free electrons increases. This increases the
resistance in a conductor. Thus, resistance is directly proportional to the
length
This relationship is expressed by the formula R = ρ (L/A), where R is
resistance, ρ is resistivity (a material constant), L is length, and A is
cross-sectional area.
The relationship between resistance and cross-sectional area of a wire
is inversely proportional; meaning that as the cross-sectional area of a
wire increases, its resistance decreases, and vice versa.
Resistance is proportional to resistivity and length, and inversely
proportional to cross sectional area.
LENGTH PROBLEM
A silver wire has a resistivity of 1.59 × 10⁻⁸ Ω⋅m and a cross-sectional
area of 2.5 × 10⁻⁶ m². If the wire has a resistance of 0.04 Ω, what is its
length?
LENGTH PROBLEM
RESISTIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY
Electrical Conductivity - Ability of a material to conduct electricity.
Symbol – σ (Sigma) (Conductivity)
Unit - S/m (S stands for Siemens), or mS/m
Formula - σ = 1/ρ
Electrical Resistivity - Ability of a material to oppose the flow of electricity.
Symbol - ρ
- Resistivity
Unit – Ω-m
Formula – R = ρ(L/A)
Where:
R = Resistance (Ω)
L = Length (m)
A = Cross-sectional Area (m²)
RESISTIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY PROBLEM
A copper wire of length 2 m and cross-sectional area 3 × 10⁻⁶ m² has a
resistance of 0.02 Ω.
(a) Find the resistivity of the wire.
(b) Find the conductivity of the material.
RESISTIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY PROBLEM
RESISTIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY PROBLEM
OHMIC CONDUCTOR AND NON-OHMIC CONDUCTOR
The V-I characteristic of any conductor is obtained by plotting the graph between
voltage and current. The voltage is plotted on the y-axis and the current is taken on
the x-axis. By changing the potential difference, the current will also change. We
take different values of V and I to obtain the V-I characteristic of the conductor.
• Ohm’s law states a linear relationship between voltage and the current. All the
conductors that follow Ohm’s law are known as ohmic conductors. These
conductors have a linear graph of V-I, as shown in the diagram below. Thus,
ohmic conductors are also non-linear components.
• The non-ohmic conductors do not follow Ohm’s law to a great extent. Initially,
they may follow the linear graph, but ongoing further, the graph becomes a non-
linear relationship of voltage and linear—for example, incandescent light bulbs
and semiconductor devices.
OHMIC CONDUCTOR AND NON-OHMIC CONDUCTOR
OHMIC CONDUCTOR AND NON-OHMIC CONDUCTOR
Parameter of
Ohmic Conductor Non-ohmic Conductor
Comparisons
Conductors which follow ohm’s lawThe conductors which do not follow
Definition that is current vary proportionally Ohm’s law are known as non-ohmic
to potential differences. conductors.
Relationship
There is a linear relationship The current and voltage have a
between current
between current and voltage. nonlinear relationship.
and voltage
The slope
The slope is positive with a
between current The slope is a curved line.
straight line.
and voltage
With the increase of temperature,
Effect of the ohmic conductors start The resistance varies as per the change
temperature behaving as non-ohmic in temperature.
conductors.
Examples Metal, resistor, nichrome wires. Semiconductors, electrolytes.
