Chapter 8
Repetition Structure
Outline
10.1 Looping Types
10.2 Infinite Loops
10.3 Breaks and Continue Statements
Introduction (1 of 2)
Three types of program structure
sequence
selection
repetition This chapter
The repetition of steps in a program is
called loop
Introduction (2 of 2)
This chapter discuss three C loop control
statement
for
while
do-while
Loop Elements
Loop repetition condition
The condition that controls loop repetition
Loop control variable
The variable whose value controls loop
repetition
The loop control variable must be
Initialization
Testing
Updating
Syntax of for statement
Syntax: for (initialization expression;
loop repetition condition;
update expression)
statement
Example: /* Display N asterisks */
for (count_star = 0; count_star <N; count_star += 1)
printf(“*”);
/* forloop.c*/
/* Simple for example*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x;
for (x = 1; x <= 10; x++)
printf (“The number is : %d \n”, x);
return 0;
}
Output
Iteration: 1
Iteration: 2
Iteration: 3
Iteration: 4
Iteration: 5
Iteration: 6
Iteration: 7
Iteration: 8
Iteration: 9
Iteration: 10
Operator
Increment and decrement operators
Operator Sample Explanation
expression
++ ++a Increment a by 1 then use the new value of a in
the expression in which a resides
++ a++ Use the current value of a in the expression in
which a reside, then increments a by 1
-- --b Decrement b by 1 then use the new value of b in
the expression in which b resides.
-- b++ Use the current value of a in the expression in
which a reside, then decrement b by 1
while Loop
Loop repetition condition
statement
Syntax of while statement
Syntax ： while (loop repetition condition)
statement
Example ： /* Display N asterisks. */
count_star = 0 ；
while (count_star < N) {
printf(“*”) ；
count_star = count_star + 1 ； }
/* while.c*/
/* Simple while example*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 1;
while(x<=10) {
printf (“Iteration: %d \n”, x);
x++;
}
return 0;
}
}
do-while Loop (1 of 2)
this loop structure is similar to the while
loop.
unlike the for and while loops, which test
the loop condition at the top of the loop,
the do-while loop checks its condition at
the end of the loop.
do-while Loop (2 of 2)
- this means that a do…while loop will
always execute at least once.
- the do keyword marks the beginning of the
loop, and the while keyword marks the
end of the loop and contains the loop
expression.
/* dowhile.c*/
/* Simple do…while example*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 1;
do {
printf (“Iteration: %d \n”, x);
x++;
}
while ( x <= 10);
return 0;
}
Infinite Loop
infinite loops are loops that continue
forever.
infinite loops are useful at times to force a
program to continue running for an
extended length of time.
it is a quick way to force the instructions to
be repeated several times.
Example
for (; ;)
printf (“this will continue to print forever\n”);
while(1)
{
printf (“this will continue to print forever\n”);
}
do
{
printf (“this will continue to print forever\n”);
}while(1);
break Statement
when the compiler encounters break in a
loop, the computer terminates the loop
and program control resumes at
statements after the loop.
Using break
for (x=0;x<11;x++)
{
if (x==5)
break;
printf(“%d\n”,x);
}
Output?
continue Statement
the continue keyword is :
to bypass the remaining statements within the
loop; and
Force next iteration of the loop to take place
Using continue
for (x=0;x<11;x++)
{
if (x==5)
continue;
printf(“%d\n”,x);
}
Output?
Loop Exercises
Create a C program that loops from 1 to
100 and display odd numbers only.
Create a C program that counts the
number of whitespaces in a string input
Create a C program that contains the
factorial of n which its value is keyed-in by
user
