OSI Model & TCP/IP

Chapter 2

Introduction OSI

The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for layered communications and computer network protocol design. It divides network architecture into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical Layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI Seven Layer Model.

OSI Layers
OSI Model Data unit Layer 7. Application Host layers Function Network process to application Data representation, encryption and decryption Interhost communication End-to-end connections and reliability, Flow control Path determination and logical addressing

Data

6. Presentation
5. Session

Segment 4. Transport s Packet Media layers 3. Network

Frame
Bit

2. Data Link
1. Physical

Physical addressing
Media, signal and binary transmission

Going from layer 1 to 7: Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away Going from layer 7 to 1: All People Seem To Need Data Processing

Layer1: Physical Layer

The physical layer deals with the physical characteristics of the transmission medium. It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems. Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors, and other similar attributes are defined by physical layer specifications. Examples :- EIA/TIA-232, RJ45, NRZ.
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Layer 2: Data Link Layer

The data link layer provides access to the networking media and physical transmission across the media and this enables the data to locate its intended destination on a network. The data link layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link by using the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. The data link layer uses the MAC address to define a hardware or data link address in order for multiple stations to share the same 5 medium and still uniquely identify each

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

Another is Logical Link Control (LLC). provides data transmission method in different network. It will re-package date and add a new header. Concerned with network topology, network access, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control.

Examples :- Ethernet, Frame Relay, FDDI

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Layer 3: Network Layer

The Network Layer performs

network routing functions, perform fragmentation and reassembly, report delivery errors.

The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into smaller packets to accommodate different media. Routers operate at Layer 3. Protocols examples :- IP, IPX, AppleTalk.

Layer 4: Transport Layer

The Transport Layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers. The Transport Layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/de-segmentation, and error control. Layer 4 protocols include TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

Layer 5: Session Layer

The session layer defines how to start, control and end conversations (called sessions) between applications. This includes the control and management of multiple bi-directional messages using dialogue control. It also synchronizes dialogue between two hosts' presentation layers and manages their data exchange. The session layer offers provisions for efficient data transfer.

Examples :- SQL, ASP(AppleTalk Session Protocol).

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

It is sometimes called the syntax layer. The presentation layer ensures that the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system. If necessary, the presentation layer translates between multiple data formats by using a common format. Provides encryption and compression of data. Examples :- JPEG, MPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC, HTML.
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Layer 7: Application Layer

The application layer is the OSI layer that is closest to the user. It provides network services to the users applications. It differs from the other layers in that it does not provide services to any other OSI layer, but rather, only to applications outside the OSI model.
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Layer 7: Application Layer

Examples of such applications are spreadsheet programs, word processing programs, and bank terminal programs.

Some examples of application layer implementations include

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

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Introduction TCP/IP
The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it:

the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard.
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TCP/IP Layers
OSI Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer TCP/IP Application Layer TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3, SNMP, NNTP, DNS,NIS, NFS, HTTP, ... Transport Layer
TCP , UDP , ...

Internet Layer
IP , ICMP, ARP, RARP, ...

Link Layer
FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...

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TCP/IP Some Protocol

Layer Protocol DNS, TFTP, TLS/SSL, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC, NNTP, PO P3, SIP, SMTP, SMPP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet, Echo, RTP, PNRP, rlog in, ENRP Routing protocols like BGP and RIP which run over TCP/UDP, may also be considered part of the Internet Layer.

Application

Transport

TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP

IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, and ICMPv6 OSPF for IPv4 was initially considered IP layer protocol since it runs per IP-subnet, but has been placed on the Link since RFC 2740.

Internet

Link

ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP

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Connecting Below Internet Level

Hub
Center of star topology In Ethernet, multiport repeater or concentrator

Bridge
Connects 2 networks of same technology extended LAN Filters/forwards/floods based on MAC Link layer - frames

Hub

Ethernet

Ethernet

Bridge

Switch
Connects 2+ networks packet-switched network Reduces collisions Switch

Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS

Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS

T3

CISCOSYSTEMS

STS-N

Connecting at the Internet Level

Router
Originally gateway Forwards packets based on network layer info (IP) Separate broadcast domains In each domain, IP packet encapsulated in domain-specific packet
Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS

Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS

Router

CISCOSYSTEMS

Tokenring