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Mammography

Mammography is an X-ray procedure used to detect breast tumors and differentiate between benign and malignant conditions. It includes screening and diagnostic types, with various risk factors for breast cancer and specific preparation and procedural guidelines. The BI-RADS assessment categorizes findings to guide further action, while benefits include early detection and improved treatment options, despite some risks associated with radiation exposure.

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Hamza Irshad
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7 views

Mammography

Mammography is an X-ray procedure used to detect breast tumors and differentiate between benign and malignant conditions. It includes screening and diagnostic types, with various risk factors for breast cancer and specific preparation and procedural guidelines. The BI-RADS assessment categorizes findings to guide further action, while benefits include early detection and improved treatment options, despite some risks associated with radiation exposure.

Uploaded by

Hamza Irshad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mammography

Mammography:

A mammogram is an x-ray picture of the breasts. It is


used to find tumors and help to tell the difference
between non-cancerous (benign) and cancerous
(malignant) disease.
 Mammography uses low dose X-ray; high contrast,
high-resolution film; and an X-ray system designed
specifically for imaging the breast
Uses:

 Tohelp the radiologist or surgeon guide the needle to


the correct area in the breast during biopsy.
 Early detection of breast cancers
Anatomy:
Risk factors for breast cancer:

 Age: the older you are, the higher the risk


 Family history: Mother or sister with breast cancer
 Genetics: presence of BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene
 Breast architecture: dense breast tissue, obesity
 Menstruation: onset before age 12 years
 Menopause: onset after age 55 years
 Prolonged use of estrogen
 Late age at birth of first child or no children
Baseline mammogram:

 A baseline mammogram is the first


radiographic examination of the breast and is
usually obtained before age 40 years.
 Radiologists use it for comparison with future
mammograms.
Types of mammography:

There are 2 types of mammography:


 Screening Mammography
 Diagnostic Mammography
SCREENING MAMMOGRAM

 Mammogram of the breast for women who have no


signs and symptoms of breast cancer, usually with two
X-ray views craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique.
 Finding breast cancer early greatly improves a
woman’s chance for successful treatment.
 Screening mammography in patients 50 years or older
reduces the chances of Death.
DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAM
 X-ray of the breast for a woman with breast problems like
lump or nipple discharge or an abnormal area found in
screening by taking a spot view or magnification view.
 It is performed on symptomatic women or women with
elevated risk factors.
2 or 3 views of each breast may be required
Equipment's:

A mammography unit is a rectangular box that houses


the tube in which x-rays are produced. The unit is used
exclusively for X-ray exams of the breast, with special
accessories that allow only the breast to be exposed to
the X-rays. Attached to the unit is a device that holds
and compresses the breast and positions it so images
can be obtained at different angles
Compression:

 A compressed breast is of more uniform thickness


therefore the response of the image receptor is more
uniform.
 Tissues near the chest wall are less likely to be
underexposed, and near the nipple are less likely to
be overexposed.
 Compression spreads out the tissue and reduce
superimposition of tissues
Grid:

 Antiscatter grids are used in digital


mammography to reduce the scattered
radiation from the breast and improve image
contrast.
Breast support plate:

 It’s the plate that holds the breast.


 Two parts:
 Upper part: made up of Carbon fiber(free
Absorption)
 Lowerpart: Made up of lead(safe the patient
abdomen from radiations).
Patient preparation:

 Inform your doctor of any prior surgeries, hormone use, and family or personal
history of breast cancer.
 Do not wear deodorant, talcum powder, or lotion under your arms or on your
breasts on the day of the exam. These can appear on the mammogram as
calcium spots.
 Describe any breast symptoms or problems to the technologist performing the
exam.
 Obtain your prior mammograms and make them available to the radiologist if
they were done at a different location. This is needed for comparison with your
current exam and can often be obtained on a CD.
 Ask when your results will be available; do not assume the results are normal
if you do not hear from your doctor or the mammography facility
Procedure

Mammography is performed on an outpatient basis.


 During mammography, a specially qualified radiologic
technologist will position the breast in the mammography unit.
breast will be placed on a special platform and compressed with
a clear plastic paddle. The technologist will gradually compress
the breast.
 Breast compression is necessary in order to: Even out the breast
thickness so that all of the tissue can be visualized.
 Hold the breast still in order to minimize blurring of the image
caused by motion.
 Patient must hold very still and may be asked to
 keep from breathing for a few seconds while the x-ray picture is
taken to reduce the possibility of a blurred image.
Mammographic views

 Standard views
 Supplemental views
Standard views:

 CC (cranio-caudal) view

 MLO (medio-lateral oblique) view


Supplemental Views

 Lateromedial, LM:
 Mediolateral view, ML
 Exaggerated cranial-caudal,
 Magnification views,
 Spot compression view
Benefits:

 imaging of the breast improves a physician's ability to detect small tumors. When
cancers are small, the woman has more treatment options.
 is an excellent way to detect these tumors. It is also useful for detecting all types of
breast cancer, including invasive ductal and invasive lobular cancer.
 No radiation remains in a patient's body after an x-ray examination.
 X-rays usually have no side effects in the typical diagnostic range for this exam
Risk:

 There is always a slight chance of cancer from excessive exposure to radiation.


However, the benefit of an accurate diagnosis far
 outweighs the risk.
 False Positive Mammograms. 5 to 15 percent of screening mammograms require more
testing such as additional mammograms or ultrasound. Most of these tests turn out to
be normal. If there is an abnormal finding, a follow-up or biopsy may have to be
performed. Most of the biopsies confirm that no cancer was present.
BI-RADS Assessment Category

•BI-RADS 0: Incomplete, additional imaging needed.


•BI-RADS 1: Negative, no findings.
•BI-RADS 2: Benign findings, no action required.
•BI-RADS 3: Probably benign, short-term follow-up suggested.
•BI-RADS 4: Suspicious abnormality, biopsy should be considered.
•BI-RADS 5: Highly suggestive of malignancy, biopsy recommended.
•BI-RADS 6: Known biopsy-proven malignancy.
Findings

•Breast Composition: Describes the density of the breast tissue,


which may affect visibility of abnormalities.
•Masses: Location, size, shape, and margin descriptions.
•Calcifications: Shape, distribution, and suspicious patterns.
•Asymmetry or Architectural Distortion: Regions that look
different or have abnormal structure compared to other areas.
•Associated Findings: Any skin or nipple changes, lymph node
abnormalities, etc.
Calcification
Nipple Retraction or skin retraction
Distorted parenchyma with no visible
Mass
Skin Thickening
Axillary Adenopathy
Percentage of Quadrant

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