Water- Analysis, Treatments And Industrial
Applications
CHAPTER 1
1
Sub-topics
•Sources
•Impurities
•hardness & its units
•determination of hardness by EDTA method
•alkalinity & it’s determination and related numerical
problems
2
Sources of water
• River water
• Lake water
• Pond water
• Pool water
• Underground water
• Sea water
• Rain water
3
Impurties of water :-
• Physical Impurities :
Human wastes,industrial
wastes,clay,slit(Jackson’s turbitimeter)
JTU= 1mgSio2/l of water(Jackson’s turbidity unit)
• Chemical Impurities :
chemical salts, Mineral acids, organic acids/
salts,oxides of nitrogen,sulphur and carbon.
• Biological impurities:
Algae,fungi,bacteria and parasites.
4
What are the various units and parameter of hardness of water? Give
the relation between the various units?
5
RELATION BETWEEN FOUR UNITS OF
HARDNESS
• 1ppm = 1mg/l = 0.1 Fr = 0.07 Cl
a) Convert 2.42 Cl to ppm
• As 0.07Cl = 1ppm
• So 2.42 Cl = = 34.5 ppm
b) Convert 3.6 Fr to ppm
• As 0.1 Fr = 1ppm
• So 3.6 Fr =
c) Convert 206 ppm = Fr =Cl
• As 1ppm = 0.1 Fr =0.07 Cl
• So 206 ppm = 20.6 Fr = 14.42 Cl
6
The parameter to measure hardness of water is known as
Multiplication Factor (MF).
7
Example: Calculate MF of 10 gms of Calcium BiCarbonate?
8
The Various Hardness Producing Salts are:
There are ten salts which cause hardness:
9
The Various Hardness Producing Salts are:
There are ten salts which cause hardness:
10
. Hardness & Type of Hardness
• 1.Hardness of Water
• Soap consuming capacity of the water is known as
hardness of water.
• Hardness in water is that property , “which prevents the
lathering of soap”.
• Examples of hardness:-
• CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 Ca( NO3)2 CaCl2
CaSO4 MgCO3 Mg(HCO3)2 Mg ( NO3)2 MgCl2
MgSO4
11
2. type of hardness
• There are two types of hardness:-
• Temporary hardness
• Permanent hardness
• 1.Temporary hardness
• 1. It is due to presence of dissolve of carbonate and bicarbonate of calcium
, magnesium and other heavy metals.
• 2. It is also called as primary hardness.
• 3. It is also known as carbonate, bicarbonate and alkaline hardness.
• 4. It can be removed by boiling the water.
• Examples of temporary hardness:-
• CaCO3 2. MgCO3 3. Mg(HCO3)2 4.Ca(HCO3)2
12
Boiling test:-
• BOIL, 100oC
• Ca(HCO3)2 ----------------- CO2(gas) + CaCO3 (ppt)+ H2O
(pH=7)
• BOIL, 100oC
• THEORITICAL :- Mg(HCO3)2 ----------------- CO2(gas) +
MgCO3 (ppt)+ H2O (pH=7)
• BOIL, 100oC
• PRACTICAL :- Mg(HCO3)2 ----------------- 2 CO2(gas) +
Mg(OH)2 (ppt)(pH=7.05)
13
2. Permanent hardness:-
It is due to presence of dissolve of chlorides and sulphides
of calcium, magnesium, aluminium and iron.
• It is also called as secondary hardness.
• Permanent hardness is also known as non-carbonate or
non-alkaline hardness.
• Examples of secondary hardness:-
• CaCl2, 2. CaSO4, 3. MgCl2, 4. MgSO4 , 5.FeSO4, 6.
Al2(SO4)3
• 3. Hardness removing method
• 1.Soap solution method.
• 2.EDTA method.
• 14
4.Soap Solution Method:-
• A sample of hard water , when treated with soap does not
produce lather , but on other hand , forms insoluble white scum
or precipitate , which does not possess any detergent action. It is
due to formation of insoluble soaps of calcium and magnesium.
• 2 C17H35COONa (aq.) + CaCO3 (aq.) → (C17H35COO)2Ca (s) + Na2CO3
(aq.) Sodium Sterate Calcium Calcium Sterate
• (Soap) Carbonate (Complex)
• 2 C17H35COONa (aq.) + MgCO3 (aq.) → (C17H35COO)2Mg (s) +
Na2CO3 (aq.) Sodium Sterate Magnesium Magnesium
Sterate
• (Soap) Carbonate (Complex
15
4.Soap Solution Method
• 2 C17H35COONa (aq.) + Ca(HCO3)2 (aq.) → (C17H35COO)2Ca (s)
+2NaHCO3 (aq.) Sodium Sterate Calcium
Calcium Sterate
• (Soap) Bicarbonate (Complex)
• 2 C17H35COONa (aq.) +Mg(HCO3)2 (aq.) → (C17H35COO)2Mg
(s) + Na2CO3 (aq.) Sodium Sterate Magnesium
Magnesium Sterate
• (Soap) Bicarbonate (Complex)
16
4.Soap Solution Method
• 2 C17H35COONa (aq.) + CaCl2 (aq.) → (C17H35COO)2Ca (s) + 2
NaCl (aq.) Sodium Sterate Calcium
Calcium Sterate
• (Soap) Chloride (Complex)
• 2 C17H35COONa (aq.) + MgCl2 (aq.) → (C17H35COO)2Mg (s) +
2 NaCl (aq.) Sodium Sterate Magnesium Magnesium
Sterate
• (Soap) Chloride (Complex)
17
4.Soap Solution Method
• 2 C17H35COONa (aq.) + CaSO4 (aq.) → (C17H35COO)2Ca (s) +
Na2SO4 (aq.) Sodium Sterate Calcium
Calcium Sterate
• (Soap) Sulphate (Complex)
• 2 C17H35COONa (aq.) + MgSO4 (aq.) → (C17H35COO)2Mg (s) +
Na2SO4 (aq.) Sodium Sterate Magnesium
Magnesium Sterate
• (Soap) Sulphate (Complex)
18
4.Soap Solution Method
• 2 C17H35COONa (aq.) + FeSO4 (aq.) → (C17H35COO)2Fe (s) +
Na2SO4 (aq.) Sodium Sterate Ferrous
Iron Sterate
• (Soap) Sulphate (Complex)
• 6 C17H35COONa (aq.) + Al2(SO4)3 (aq.) → 2(C17H35COO)3Al (s)
+ 3 Na2SO4 (aq.) Sodium
• Sterate Aluminium Aluminium Sterate
• (Soap) Sulphate (Complex)
19
Explain the determination of
hardness of water by EDTA
method?
20
Determination of hardness of water by
Complexometric/EDTA method?
21
Explain the determination of hardness of water
by EDTA method?
22
Explain the determination of hardness of water
by EDTA method?
23
Explain the determination of hardness of water
by EDTA method?
24
General calculation:
Suppose 50ml of SHW (x ml/y mg of Equivalent) is titrated with V1ml of Na2-EDTA. Again 50ml of TWS is
titrated with V2ml of Na2-EDTA. On boiling 50ml of boiled hard water (BHW) is titrated with V3 ml of Na-
EDTA, in the presence of Buffer Solution and EBT indicator. Calculate total hardness, permanent hardness
and temporary hardness in the given water sample?
25
Suppose 50ml of SHW (500 mg CaCO3 eq./500ml ) is titrated with 48 ml of Na2-EDTA. Again 50ml of TWS is titrated with
15 ml of Na2-EDTA. On boiling 50ml of boiled hard water (BHW) is titrated with 10 ml. of Na2-EDTA, in the presence of
Buffer Solution and EBT indicator. Calculate total hardness, permanent hardness and temporary hardness in the given
water sample
• 50ml of SHW=48 ml. of Na2 EDTA
• 50ml of TWS=15 ml. of Na2 EDTA
• 50ml of BHW=10 ml. of Na2 EDTA
• Strength= 500 ml of water = 500 mgs CaCO3
so, 50ml = /50 ml.
Total Hardness=
Permanent Hardness=
Temporary Hardness=312.5-208=104.16 ppm or mgs/l
26
Explain the determination of
Alkalinity of water?
27
Explain the determination of Alkalinity of
water?
28
Explain the determination of Alkalinity of
water?
29
Explain the determination of Alkalinity of
water?
30
Explain the determination of Alkalinity of
water?
31
Explain the determination of Alkalinity of
water?
32
Numericals of alkalinity
• 1)100ml of water sample is titrated with 20ml of N/10 HCl
with methyl orange indicator giving no colour with
phenolphthalein. Calculate extent and type of alkalinity?
• condition is P=0 ions= bicarbonate ions
• 1ml of 1 N HCl=50mg CaCO3 eq
• 20ml of N/10 HCl=
• In 100 ml .water sample=100mgs CaCO3
• In 1000ml.water sample=/l or ppm.
33
Numericals of alkalinity
• 2) 100ml of water sample is titrated with 30ml of N/20
H2SO4 with phenolphthalein indicator and again 30ml
with methyl orange. Calculate extent and type of
alkalinity?
• condition is P=M ions=OH-
• 1ml of 1 N H2SO4 =50mg CaCO3 eq.
• 30ml of N/20 H2SO4 =
• In 100 ml .water sample=45mgs CaCO3
• In 1000ml.water sample=/l or ppm
34
Numericals of alkalinity
• 3) 500ml of water sample is titrated with 25ml of N/10 HCl
with phenolphthalein indicator and again 50ml. of N/10
HCl with methyl orange. Calculate extent and type of
alkalinity?
• condition is P=1/2M ions=carbonate ions=2P or
• 1ml of 1 N HCl=50mg CaCO3 eq.
• 50ml of N/10 HCl=
• In 500 ml .water sample= 250mgs CaCO3
• In 1000ml.water sample=/l or ppm
35
Numericals of alkalinity
• 4)100ml of water sample is titrated with 5ml of N/10 HCl
with phenolphthalein indicator and 15ml of N/10 HCl with
methyl orange. Calculate extent and type of alkalinity?
4a)condition is ions= carbonate ion=
• 1ml of 1 N HCl=50mg CaCO3 eq.
• 10ml of N/10 HCl=
• In 100 ml .water sample=50mgs CaCO3
• In 1000ml.water sample=/l or ppm
36
Numericals of alkalinity
• 4)100ml of water sample is titrated with 5ml of N/10 HCl
with phenolphthalein and 15ml of N/10 HCl with methyl
orange indicator. Calculate extent and type of alkalinity?
4b)condition is ions= bicarbonate ion=
• 1ml of 1 N HCl=50mg CaCO3 eq.
• 5ml of N/10 HCl=
• In 100 ml .water sample=25mgs CaCO3
• In 1000ml.water sample=/l or ppm
37
Numericals of alkalinity
• 5)100ml of water sample is titrated with 20ml of N/10 H2SO4 with
phenolphthalein indicator and further addition of 15ml of N/10
H2SO4 with methyl orange . Calculate extent and type of alkalinity?
5a) (20ml+15ml=35ml)
condition is ions= carbonate ions =
• 1ml of 1 N H2SO4 =50mg CaCO3 eq.
• 30ml of N/10 H2SO4 =
• In 100 ml .water sample=30mgs CaCO3
• In 1000ml.water sample=
38
Numericals of alkalinity
• 5)100ml of water sample is titrated with 20ml of N/10
H2SO4 with phenolphthalein indicator and further
addition of 15ml of N/10 HCl with methyl orange .
Calculate extent and type of alkalinity?
5b) M= (20+15= 35)
condition is ions= OH- ions =
• 1ml of 1 N H2SO4 =50mg CaCO3 eq.
• 5ml of N/10 H2SO4 =
• In 100 ml .water sample=25mgs CaCO3
• In 1000ml.water sample=/l or ppm
39
