CHAPTER 3

CRISIS MANAGEMENT
I. Definition
Crisis
• came from a Greek word “krisis” means “ to decide”
• A turning point in the progress of an affair or a series of
events.

Emergency
• came from Latin word “ emergentia” means “dipping” or
“plunging.”
• A sudden situation that requires immediate action.
 II. Difference between Emergency, Crisis, and
Disaster
• Emergency
– If the situation is still controllable and the response given is the
purpose of containing the situation and prevent it from getting
out of control.
• Crisis
– If the situation is already beyond normal control, what is
happening is already a crisis.
• Disaster
– If the effects of the crisis can no longer be controlled even by its
main instigator.
 CRISIS MANAGEMENT
• Refers to the expert handling of s crisis or emergency,
with the aim of reducing or eliminating danger or damage,
especially on the part of the government.
• refers to the process of identifying threats to an
organization, implements methods to address
threats, requires quick decision-making after major
events, and create crisis management plans.
 Theories on Crisis Management
1. Crisis Management Model

• This theory argues that successfully diffusing a crisis

requires an understanding of how a crisis should be
handled: before it occurs. According to the main
proponents (Gonzales-Herrero and Pratt).
 Crisis Management Model
• a four-phase crisis management model process
included;

1) Issues management - Identifying potential threats.

2) Planning-prevention - preparing strategies to avoid crisis.
3) The crisis - Implementing response measure.
4) Post-crisis - Evaluating and improving future responses.
 Theories on Crisis Management
2. Structural-Functional Systems Theory
– This theory proposes that effective communication is key to
crisis management.
– Explain how society maintain social order and stability and what
will be the roles of structures and functions system.
 Essential Elements of Crisis Management

• Incident Management - refers to an act of containing the

situation within a certain level, mostly through law
enforcement interventions.

• Consequence Management - is an act that focuses on

mitigating the adverse effects that may be brought by an
accident
Purpose of Crisis Management
• SALVARI VITAS - the main goal of crisis management; it
means “ to save lives”

Objectives of Crisis Management

• Resolve the event without further incident
• Ensure the safety of all participants
• Apprehension of all the perpetrators
• Accomplish the task within the framework of current
community standards.
 Principles of proper crisis management
• To achieve a succesful negotiation, there must be a need to live
on the part of hostage taker and there must be a threat of force
by the authorities
• Contain and negotiate
• Protect the innocent from harm
• Allow the passage of time so that the perpetrators can be
reasoned with through a negotiation
• Allow the passage of time so that the response force can
evaluate the situation, gather information, explore alternatives
and formulate a plan of action.
Principles of proper crisis management
• Rely on the continuos flow of information from all
sources
• Pressure the perpetrators into abandoning their
position
• Recieve, analyze and disseminate all information
• Prepare for a rapidly escalating series of events
 Types of Crisis and / or Emergencies

a. man-made crisis / emergencies b. revolt

c. revolution d. border incident
e. war f. kidnapping
g. hijacking h. hostage-taking
i. terrorist activities j. attacks / raids
k. natural crisis / emergerncies
 Phases of Crisis Management

A. Proactive Phase
• Prediction- Anticipating potential problems, threats and
opportunities before they occur.
• Prevention- Refers to the measures taken to avoid or
reduce the likelihood of a problem, threat or undesirable
event to occur.
• Preparation- Process of planning, organizing, and
taking steps to ensure readiness for a potential event,
situation or challenge.
 Phases of Crisis Management
B. Reactive Phase
• Performance- Refers to the actual actions taken and
the effectiveness of the response during the reactive
phase.
• Initial action- Refers to the first steps taken in
response to an emergency, incident or crisis. These
actions are critical and can significantly impact the
outcome.
 Phases of Crisis Management
B. Reactive Phase
• Actions- Refers to the specific steps taken to respond to and
manage an incident, e.g, Rescue actions, medical actions
• Post-Actions- Refer to the steps taken after the initial
response and recovery phases to restore normalcy, rebuild and
improve resilience.
• Debriefing
• Damage Assesment
• Recovery Planning
 Legal Regimes in Dealing with Crisis
• In the Philippines, several laws have been passed to
ensure effective and appropriate crisis management at all
levels of government.

• Section 6, Article XV, 1987 Constitution

– The state shall establish and maintain one police force, which
shall have a national scope and civilian character. The police
force shall be administered and controlled by a National Police
Commission.
• Section 444 and 445, R.A. 7160 (Local Govt Code)
– The mayor shall act as the deputized representative of the
National Police Commission.
– The mayor is expected to exercise general and
operational control and supervision over the local police
forces in the city or municipality.
• Section 5 R.A. 6975 as amended (DILG act of 1990)
– The mayors shall exercise operational supervision and
control over PNP units in their respective jurisdiction
except during the 30 day period immediately preceding an
the 30 day following any national, local and barangay
elections.
 Types of Incidents
According to the Revised Philippine National Police Operational
Procedures (2013), There are 2 types of incidents to be handled.

1. Man-Made Incidents
– incidents caused by human actions, requiring PNP response.
2. Natural/Disaster Incidents
– - PNP serves as the first responder in affected areas, provides
security and support for search and rescue efforts. Works
alongside Disaster Risk Reduction Management Committees
(DRRMC).
 5 P’s of Crisis Management
The National Crisis Management Framework presents a
comprehensive approach to understanding the components of crisis
or the 5P’s of crisis management;

1. Predict - reduce uncertaintly about potential crisis.

Conducted through Strategic, Operational, and Tactical
Situation Awareness (SA) processes.
2. Prevent- goal: is to avoid harm by addressing root
causes
3. Prepare - Key to effective response in a crisis.
Cover six essential activities:
a.) planning d.) equipping
b.) organizing e.) exercising
c.) training f.) evaluating and improving

4. Perform
– Implement contingency plans when a crisis happens.
Priorities shift from prevention to: Saving lives, Protecting
property and the environment, Maintaining social,
economic, and political stability
5. Post- Action and Assessment - begins after the crisis has
been managed, organization returns to normal operations.

Activities include:
• evaluating the crisis response
• improving future prevention, preparation, and execution
strategies.
 Incident Command System (ICS)
Six (6) major functional areas:
1. Command
– Sets overall objectives and strategies, and makes key decisions.
2. Planning
– Develops and Implements palns to achieve objectives, collects
and analyzes data and maintains situational awareness.
3. Logistics
– Manages resources, including personnel, equipment and
supplies.
 Incident Command System (ICS)
Six (6) major functional areas:
4. Finance/Administration
– Manages financial, administrative and legal aspects.
5. Operations
– Oversees and coordinates tactical operations to achieve
objectives.
6. Communications
– Ensures effective communication within the ICS and with
external stakeholders.
 Roles in Incident Command System (ICS)

 Incident Commander (IC)

– provide the overall supervision and management in handling
incident response operations.
 Command Staff (CS) -
– Safety Officer (SO)- monitors safety conditions and designs
subsequent measures for assuring the safety of the assigned
personnel;
– Public Information Officer (PIO).- Disseminates information to
internal and external stakeholders.
Roles in Incident Command System (ICS)

– Liaison Officer- primary contact or

communication bridge for supporting agencies
assisting at the incident.
– Negotiation Team- Leads the communicating/
negotiating activities with the suspects or
perpetrators of the crisis incident.
– General Staff- manages planning and operations
directions and supervision, support services.
 PNP Alert Levels During Man-Made
Critical Incidents
Alert Level 1: Normal Security
– Normal Security measures are in place
– No Specific threat has been identified
Alert Level 2: Hightened Alert
– Intelligence suggests a potential threat
– Increased security measures are implemented
Alert Level 3: High Alert
– A credible threat has been identified
– Max. security measures are implemented
 PNP Alert Levels During Man-Made Critical
Incidents
Alert Level 4: Red Alert
– An imminent attack or critical incident is expected
– All security personnel are mobilized
Alert Level 5: Full Alert
– A critical incident is in progress
– All available resources are deployed to respond to the incident.
 Hostage Situations

- A hostage situation refers to circumstances where a suspect

holds a person captive using force and threats, while law
enforcement is in close contact with both the suspect and
hostage.

Motives Behind Hostage-Taking

- Various reasons drive individuals or group to take hostages ,
including:
 Motives Behind Hostage-Taking
1. Political terrorism - to show government incapacity.

2. Media coverage - to gain immediate attention.

3. Nations in conflict - as a peace gurantee.

4. Criminal or mentally disturbed individuals.

 Categories of Hostage-Takers

1. Persons in crisis - people who take hostages during a period

of prolonged frustration, despair, and problems.

2. Psychotics - mentally ill people who take hostages during a

period of psychiatric disturbance.

3. Common Criminals - people who take hostages for personal,

instead of ideological reasons.
4. Prisoners - people who take hostages stemming from their
dissatisfaction and discontent regarding their living conditions
in prison.

5. Political Terrorist - there are ideologicaly-inspired individuals

or group of people who take hostages mainly due to their
political anf ideological beliefs,
Choices for the Hostage-Taking Incident
1. Choose martyrdom, kill the hostages and commit
suicide
2. Lessen one’s demands to a more achievable
proportion and continue negotiations; or
3. Surrender to the Police.
 Four Courses of Action
These refer to the courses of action that can be taken by the
commander during a hostage taking Incident.

1. Amass officers and massive firepower and assault

2. Use selective sniper fire
3. Use chemical agents (tear gas, flash bang grenades, Bz
gas)
4. Contain the area and negotiate through specifically
trained negotiator
 ICER METHOD
These refers to the actions that must be taken by the investigating
Patrol Officer (first responder) upon arrival at the hostage taking
incidents.
• ISOLATE- physical and psychological activities on the
scene and keep onlookers beyond safety line.
• CONTAIN- the hostage taker’s mobility to the smallest
location in the building or exterior are and deny him the
opportunity to observe the presence of police and their
activities.
 ICER METHOD
• EVALUATE- the situation because the original report may
or may not be what the situation actually is. Gather as
much cursory as possible.
• REPORT- the number and identities of hostage takers
and hostages, along with their clothing descriptions and
locations of dangerous zone. Inform other responding
officers of recommend entry routes, types of weapons
involved.
QUIZ NO. 1