GED0083

COLLEGE PHYSICS 2

THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM &

THERMODYNAMICS
Engr. Karl Gallardo
 Objectives

By the end of the discussion, students should be able to:

 Define heat and how it is transferred
 Solve basic heat problems
 Be familiarized to the four laws of thermodynamics

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 The Concept of Heat

Heat is the energy which travels from

high temperature to low temperature in
a matter. It is also called thermal or
internal energy.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 How is heat “formed”*?

Fricti
on

*Heat is a thermal
Electricity
energy hence it may
have been
transformed from
its previous form. It
cannot be created
Solar Radiation Burning/Fire Ignition nor destroyed.
Source: unsplashed.com

Can you think of other examples?

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
Heat Transfer Processes

Source: www.studiousguy.com

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
Heat Transfer Processes
Keyword:
Direct Molecular Contact, Proximity/nearness
Conduction Conductors can conduct heat & electricity. On the
contrary, insulators cannot.

Keywords:
Fluids and Density; “Hot air rises”
Convection Convection current occurs when a fluid expands and rises
because of its lower density.

Keywords:
Thermal Radiation; Electromagnetic Wave;
Radiation Matte black surfaces are the best emitters and absorbers
of radiation. Light, shiny surfaces are best reflectors.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Joule’s Heat Transfer Experiment
James Prescott Joule (born
1818) developed a mechanical
device to exhibit heat transfer.

The knob is twisted in

both directions
repeatedly to lift the
two masses. The
paddles collide with the
molecules of the water.

The experiment yielded

a change in
temperature after
doing such mechanical
work on the water.
Source: Nigerian Scholars

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Joule’s Heat Transfer Experiment
R E C A L L from Physics 1
 Work is the result of a force causing something
to move at a certain distance.

Source: Nigerian Scholars

Source: Open Oregon Textbooks

Source: Open Stax

Source: CK12 Foundation

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Joule’s Heat Transfer Experiment
R E C A L L from Physics 1
 Work is the result of a force causing something to
move at a certain distance. Vector

 Energy is defined as the capability to perform work. If

an object can do work, it can change the kinetic
energy of another object. Scalar
Basic Energies:

Source: Nigerian Scholars

In honor of Joule, the SI unit of work

and energy has been named after him.
For every 1 Newton exerted to a one unit of length in meter:
𝟐
𝒎 𝒎
𝟏 𝑵 ∙𝒎=𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝟐 ∙ 𝒎=𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝟐 =𝟏 𝑱 ( 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆)
𝒔 𝒔

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 QUESTION!
If you can imagine how intense
or how strong a force is
e.g. 1 N by dividing it by
9.81 m/s2, how would you
imagine 1 Joule
of work or energy?

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 QUESTION!
If you can imagine how intense 1. Get an object that weighs 1 N.
or how strong a force is
e.g. 1 N by dividing it by 2. Place the object on the floor.

9.81 m/s2, how would you 3. Lift it up to a table 1 meter high.

imagine 1 Joule 4. Now that’s 1 Joule of both work and energy.
of work or energy?

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 QUANTITY OF HEAT FLOW
The quantity of heat
required to increase 𝑸=𝒎𝒄 𝚫 𝑻
the temperature of a
mass of a certain Where:
material from – heat required (J)
to , is directly – mass (kg)
proportional to the – specific heat (J/kg )
change in – change in temperature Source: Nigerian Scholars
temperature.
Specific heat is the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature by 1°C
per unit mass.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 SPECIFIC HEAT Material Specific Heat
Pure Water 4186
Aluminum 887
Specific heat is the amount Brass 920
of heat required to raise the Coal 1262
temperature by 1°C per unit Copper 385
mass. Glass 792
Gold 130
Ice 2090
Lead 128
Mercury 126
Silver 236
Zinc 389

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
UNITS OF HEAT
International System of Units (SI)
or Système international d'unités

CALORIE (cal)
 amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of of water from Imperial
to
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (Btu)
 amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of of water by
CALORIE (Cal) – usually used in food
 1 big Calorie = 1000 small calories
 1 Calorie = 1000 kcal

NOTE: 1 cal = 4.186 J

Joules can also be used in 1 kcal = 1000 cal = 1 Cal
measuring heat/thermal energy. 1 Btu = 778 = 252 cal

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics
A branch of science that deals
with the properties of matter
and their changes due to the
effects of heat and work
(Shavit and Gutfinger, 2009).

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics
A branch of science that deals
with the properties of matter
and their changes due to the
effects of heat and work
(Shavit and Gutfinger, 2009).
Thermodynamic Properties
Temperature – degree of hotness
Pressure – force per unit area
Density – mass per unit volume

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics
A branch of science that deals
with the properties of matter
and their changes due to the
effects of heat and work Thermodynamic Properties
(Shavit and Gutfinger, 2009). Temperature – degree of hotness
Pressure – force per unit area
Laws of Thermodynamics Density – mass per unit volume
1. First Law (1840s) – Conservation of Energy
2. Second Law (1850)
3. Third Law (1906)
4. Zeroth Law (1935) – Thermal Equilibrium

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THERMODYNAMICS
SYSTEM
The object or body that deals with
the variables of heat, energy, and
temperature is the system.
SURROUNDINGS
Everything outside the system is referred as
surroundings.

Source: Chemistry LibreTexts

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
IMPORTANCE OF THERMODYNAMICS
The laws and
concepts of
Thermodynamics
are applied in
engines, machines,
and systems.

Thermodynamics
also is the basis of
an engine’s
efficiency.

Images source: Encyclopedia Britannica

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 THERMODYNAMICS
Images source:
www.lawofthermodynamicsinfo.com

OPEN SYSTEM CLOSED SYSTEM ISOLATED SYSTEM

Transfer of mass – yes Transfer of mass – no Transfer of mass – no
Transfer of heat – yes Transfer of heat – yes Transfer of heat – no

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 CALORIMETRY
Calorimetry is the process of measuring heat.
Calorimeter is a device used to
measure heat absorbed during a
chemical reaction. It can also
determine the specific heat of an
unknown substance.

It can determine whether the heat

is:
 exothermic, if heat has been
released
 endothermic, if heat has been
absorbed
Source: Britannica

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 EXOTHERMIC vs ENDOTHERMIC
𝑸=𝒎𝒄 𝚫 𝑻
Endothermic
if heat has
been
absorbed.
Exothermic
Q is negative. if heat has
been
released.
Q is positive.

Source: ThoughtCo

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THE ZEROTH LAW
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
 Formulated in 1935 by British
Physicist Ralph Fowler
 Called as Zeroth Law instead of
Fourth Law since it ultimately
served as a “prequel” and the
most fundamental among the
first three laws of
thermodynamics.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THE ZEROTH LAW
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
 Formulated in 1935 by British
Physicist Ralph Fowler
 Called as Zeroth Law instead of Thermal Equilibrium
Fourth Law since it ultimately Conservation of energy requires that
served as a “prequel” and the the amount of energy that leaves a
most fundamental among the body is equal to the amount of energy
first three laws of that enters another body in an isolated
thermodynamics. system.

𝑄 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 +𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 =0
where is negative.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 THE ZEROTH LAW
𝑄 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 +𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 =0
where is negative.

Two systems are in thermal

equilibrium if and only if they have
the same temperature.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 THE ZEROTH LAW
If C is initially in thermal equilibrium with Algebraically:
both A and B, then A and B are also in If ,
thermal equilibrium with each other. then

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 PROBLEM SOLVING
1. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of a 25.0 kg copper from 20 to 85?

Given:

(
Ans.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 PROBLEM SOLVING
2. Suppose that you are to cool tap water stored in a 1 L kettle at 6 AM. If its temperature is
and you have to heat it up to , how much energy would you need assuming the water is
pure?
Given:
)

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 PROBLEM SOLVING
3. What is the final temperature of a system when 245 g of lead at 275 is placed in a
145-g aluminum calorimeter cup at 12, containing 805-g of water at 12?

Water
Aluminum

Lead

Note:
The final temperatures of
ALL systems are equal since
they are all in thermal
equilibrium.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Latent Heat
During a phase change, the temperature is not
moving or changing. This means that will be zero
as .

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Latent Heat
During a phase change, the temperature is not
moving or changing. This means that will be zero
as .
HOWEVER, energy is changing during phase
change.

That is where the concept of LATENT HEAT or

sometimes called HIDDEN HEAT comes in.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Latent Heat of Fusion
SOLID TO LIQUID (FUSION) and vice versa

Source: interactives.ck12.org

To calculate the amount of heat required to change a substance from solid to liquid, we use:
where:

𝑄=± 𝑚 𝐿𝑓
GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Latent Heat of Vaporization
LIQUID TO GAS (VAPORIZATION) and vice versa

Source: interactives.ck12.org

To calculate the amount of heat required to change a substance from liquid to gas, we use:
where:

𝑄=± 𝑚 𝐿𝑣
GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
Latent Heat of Fusion & Vaporization

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 Latent Heat of Vaporization

F
Phase/Phase Heat
Point
Change (Q)
D E
A to B Solid

B to C SL
C to D Liquid

D to E LG
B C
E to F Gas

A (J)
Source: CK12 Foundation

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Calculate the total energy needed for a 100 g piece of ice at -40°C to convert it into steam of 110°C.

Phase/
(positive (positive
Point Phase m (kg) c
since T is since T is
Change
increasing) increasing)
A to B Solid 0.1 kg 2090
B to C SL 0.1 kg
C to D Liquid 0.1 kg 4186
D to E LG 0.1 kg
E to F Gas 0.1 kg 1900

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 PROBLEM SOLVING
TN22, TN24
SBP
Feb. 2, 2023

2. Calculate the total thermal energy lost when a 200-g water at 102 is frozen
to -4.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THE FIRST LAW
First Law of Thermodynamics
 Formulated in 1840s by
German Physicist Julius von
Mayer and British Physicist
Robert Joule independently.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THE FIRST LAW
First Law of Thermodynamics
 Formulated in 1840s by
German Physicist Julius von
It states that the change in internal
Mayer and British Physicist
energy of a system is equal to the
Robert Joule independently.
heat added to the system less the
work done by the system.

Δ 𝑈 =𝑄 − 𝑊
Sign Conventions
+Q – heat added
-Q – heat lost
+W – by the system
-W – on the system
change in heat added work done
internal energy to the system by the system

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Suppose there is a heat transfer of 40.00 J to a system, while the system
does 10.00 J of work. Later, there is a heat transfer of 25.00 J out of the
system while 4.00 J of work is done on the system. What is the net change in
internal energy of the system?

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THE SECOND & THIRD LAWS
A cyclic transformation
Second Law of Thermodynamics whose only final result is to
transform heat extracted
 Formulated in 1850 by British from a source which is at
Physicist William Thomson the same temperature
(Lord Kelvin) and German throughout into work is
physicist Rudolf Clausius, impossible. (Kelvin)
independently.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THE SECOND & THIRD LAWS
A cyclic transformation
Second Law of Thermodynamics whose only final result is to
transform heat extracted
 Formulated in 1850 by British from a source which is at
Physicist William Thomson the same temperature
(Lord Kelvin) and German throughout into work is
physicist Rudolf Clausius, impossible. (Kelvin)
independently.
A cyclic transformation whose
only final result is to transfer
heat from a body at a given
temperature to a body at a
higher temperature is
impossible. (Clausius)

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THE SECOND & THIRD LAWS
Second Law of Thermodynamics
 Clausius coined the word
“entropy” to describe the second
law to when he was working on a
problem concerning efficiency in
steam engines.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THE SECOND & THIRD LAWS
Entropy (S)
Second Law of Thermodynamics The measure of a system’s
 Clausius coined the word thermal energy per unit
“entropy” to describe the second temperature that is
law to when he was working on a unavailable or useless for
problem concerning efficiency in doing useful work.
steam engines.
Because work is obtained
from ordered molecular
motion, the amount of
entropy is also a measure of
the molecular disorder, or
randomness, of a system.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 THE SECOND & THIRD LAWS
Entropy (S)
Second Law of Thermodynamics The measure of a system’s
 Clausius coined the word thermal energy per unit
“entropy” to describe the second temperature that is
law to when he was working on a unavailable or useless for
problem concerning efficiency in doing useful work.
steam engines.
Because work is obtained
Example: from ordered molecular
When an airconditioned room at in a 1-bedroom condo unit
is opened, entropy in the entire unit will increase as there’s a motion, the amount of
molecular disorder. entropy is also a measure of
The bedroom will become warmer, and the rest of the unit the molecular disorder, or
will become cooler until they reach the same temperature. randomness, of a system.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
 THE SECOND & THIRD LAWS
ENTROPY IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF MATTER
ENTROPY

Always remember the

Law of Conservation of Energy.

“Energy cannot be created nor

destroyed”—but it can change
from more useful forms to less
useful forms or vice versa.

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department
THE SECOND & THIRD LAWS
Third Law of Thermodynamics
 Formulated in 1900s by German
chemist Walther Nernst.
“As the temperature of
a system approaches
absolute zero, its
entropy approaches a
constant (for pure
perfect crystals, this
constant is zero).

GED0083 | College Physics 2 | 2nd Term S.Y. 2022-2023 | Mathematics and Physical Sciences Department