Energy Scenario in India

Presented by-

Anju (111308) Divyanshu (111326)

Chandrapal (111327) Nithya (111329)

Agenda
Definition of Energy Classification of Energy Sources of Energy Energy Scenario: India Energy Conservation Act Social, Political, Environmental Problems Factors Dependents on Energy Energy Challenges, Controversies, Concerns Recommendations for Efficient use of energy

What is Energy?
The ability of a physical system to do work on other physical systems.

One of the major inputs for the economic development of any country.

Classification of Energy
1. Primary and Secondary energy Primary energy - sources found/stored in nature. E.g. coal, oil, natural gas, biomass Secondary energy - Primary energy sources converted in industrial utilities coal, oil or gas converted into steam, electricity. 2. Commercial and Non commercial energy Commercial sources available in the market for a definite price. E.g. Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas Non commercial - sources not available in market for a price. E.g. Firewood, agro waste in rural areas 3. Renewable and Non-Renewable energy Renewable energy - obtained from inexhaustible sources (wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power) Non-renewable energy - which are likely to deplete with time E.g. conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.

Sources of Energy
1. Conventional Sources:a. Thermal energy :- Coal , Oil , Natural Gas (chemical energy created and stored within the earths crust during past geological ages) b. Hydel energy:-Water power as an inexhaustible source of energy which is continually replenished through evaporation.

2. Nonconventional Source of Energy:Renewable contribute only 6 percent of India's total power mix. Solar Energy Wind Energy Tidal & Wave Energy Biogas Energy Nuclear Energy

Energy Scenario: India

Primary Energy demand rise to 1815 MTOE by 2031-32 (GDP rate :8%)
1500

1000

500

2006-07

2011-12

2016-17

2021-22

2026-27

0 2031-32

Hydro

Nuclear

Coal

Oil

Natural Gas

ENERGY
20 15 10 5 0

GENERATION COSTS COMPARISON

:
17.1

Cost (Rs/ Kwh)

10.49 2.5 3.9 5.7 4.2 3.8 2.5 3.5

15.3

CSTEP July 2011

Source : LBNL, CERC , CSTEP & NPCIL

ENERGY RESOURCE AVAILABILITY IN INDIA

Source Capital cost (crores/MW) Emissions (CO2-eq/MWH) Reserves Longevity

Coal
Oil Gas Hydro Nuclear

4-5
2.5 3.5 6- 20 8-13

1.1
0.62 0.47 0 0

10 5820 MT
1200 MT 1.5 TCM 148.7 GW 70,000 T of Uranium

70 years
~ 10 years ~ 20 years NA 40 years

About 70% of India's energy generation capacity is from fossil fuels with coal accounting for 40% of India's total energy consumption followed by crude oil and natural gas at 24% and 6% respectively.
CSTEP July 2011 Source : BP statistical review report, NHPC,NTPC

Key aspects of Energy sector

1. Energy elasticity - a term used with reference to the energy intensity of GDP. It is "the percentage change in energy consumption to achieve one per cent change in national GDP". 2. India's national Integrated Energy Policy of 2005 noted current elasticity at 0.80, while planning for 7-8% GDP growth 3. Energy Policy of India: largely defined by the country's growing energy deficit and increased focus on developing alternative sources of energy, particularly nuclear, solar and wind energy 4. Energy Conservation Act - passed by the Indian Parliament in September 2001

Energy Conservation act:Major Provisions

EC act amended in 2010 for Energy efficiency institutional practices and programs

EC Act: Five major provisions1. Designated Consumers :- comply with the specific energy consumption norms for the manufactured products and services. 2. Standard and Labeling of energy consuming appliances, gadgets and equipment to ensure promotion of energy efficiency. 3. Energy Conservation Building Codes :-new buildings to have less electricity consumption. 4. Creation of Institutional Set up (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) for effective coordination of the energy conservation efforts. 5. Establishment of Energy Conservation Fund to provide necessary financial support. ISO 50001 :- The standard aims to help organizations establish the systems and processes to improve their energy performance, including efficiency and consumption.

Social, Political, Environmental Problems

(Energy consumption from Conventional Sources)
Coal depletion and pollution. Rising oil imports. Natural gas demands. Inefficient electric systems, 30 40% power loss. Energy-related water shortages. Limited nuclear energy, Nuclear power plants operate at 50% loads, due to shortage of uranium. Indias tradition of state-dominated, centralized planning slows progress in the energy sector. Capacity utilization is very poor:- Most hydro and thermal power stations operate at 87% load factor. Few private players, investors jittery government also subsidizes energy prices, at times limiting profitability for both private and state investors

Social, Political, Environmental Problems

(Energy consumption from Non Conventional Sources)
Perception that Renewable are more expensive Requirement of skilled personnel High nominal cost of generation The biggest problem is lack of data No correlation with the actual ground-level data. Financing is difficult: the promise of first-mover advantage and attractive returns in the long term is drawing a mixed bag of investors, many of them either inexperienced or in the game to make a quick profit. Biomass Lack of M&V (many plants seeking coal linkages!) Tidal - Limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability Limited Uranium resources Waste Management: Waste volume; Significant reduction in waste volume is possible only through closed fuel cycle route

Factors Dependent on Energy

Energy is major determinant of Human Development Index (HDI) Increase in HDI to 0.6 in 90s achievable with lower energy consumption per capita than during 1960s. change is facilitated by higher energy efficiency and better governance Energy Facilitates National Product Less energy per unit of national product higher energy efficiency. For 1% of the GDP growth countries require more than 1% more energy.

Factors Dependent on EnergyContd.

Growing Energy Efficiency Facilitates Employment Quality of growth is better as higher incomes improve investment opportunities Lower Energy Efficiency Affects Security More energy imports mean more difficulties in national and human security. Energy Use Generates Pollution NOx, SO2 affects housing, agriculture and human health affects the poor dis-proportionally more than the better off. Poor Housing is Foundation of Poor Energy Efficiency inefficient heating methods within poor housing People tend to reduce heated living space in response to high energy costs.

Impending Energy Challenges by 2030 Issues with energy policies and plans
Land, water, local environment, and social issues Demand forecasts, investment projections have been off the mark Effectiveness of polices is rarely evaluated Policies favor the rich & the powerful at the cost of efficiency, equity Need for 3 E perspective (overlap of Economic efficiency, Environment, Equity)

3-E Approach for pro-poor policies

Present focus is on Economic efficiency, modulated by Capitalists. We need to focus on the overlap of 3-E

We should move the Economy sphere downwards to increase the overlap.

Some Examples of 3-E approach

Solar home lighting for un-electrified houses instead of grid based MW size PV plants Improved and modern biomass stoves for houses instead of LPG Improve efficiency of biomass use (The biomass
power generating industry in the United States, which consists of approximately 11,000 MW of summer operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid, produces about 1.4 percent of the U.S. electricity supply)

Energy Concerns
Global warming and Clean Development drive forcing countries to reduce polluting industries Carbon Credits encouraging companies to go in for captive renewable energy investments. Indias choice of energy partners like Iran, Libya, Syria and Sudan leading strained relations with the United States. Environmental concerns India 3rd largest emitter of CO2 behind China and US 38% of emissions from power sector Energy security concerns 67% power from coal-based thermal plants - need to depend on imports Prototype breeder reactors to exploit thorium reserves

Energy related Controversies

Enron Dabhol Gas Power Plant-Lack of transparency, environmental hazards. Koodankulam nuclear (TN), Jaitapur Nuclear plant (MH) (seismic Zone 3 category) Concerns on Environmental impact of nuclear power, Radioactive waste, nuclear accident, radiation leak (e.g. Fukushima) The Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement - Nuclear Cooperation treaty - lifting of the 34 year old nuclear technology ban after India and US signed the nuclear cooperation treaty in 2008. Kyoto protocol, Hogenakkal dam, MullaPeriyar, Koyna

Recommended practices for energy efficient uses

Clean Coal Technologies, carbon capture and sequestration New and affordable materials for photovoltaic Cellulosic ethanol Energy storage efficient batteries and condensers Demand side management of power Trained human resource Usage of renewable energy resource Modernization of power transmission & distribution system Alternative fuels for surface transportation- bio-fuels, electric vehicles, hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles. Hydrogen has significant potential as a clean energy source

Recommended practices for energy efficient usesContd.

Need for coordination among various ministries for sectors with overlapping jurisdictions (e.g., biofuels) Need for investment in R&D to capitalize on local technological skill base (e.g., clean coal technologies) The workshops presented analysis on Policy options, for guiding way forward to Low Carbon Technologies. Hope for technology breakthrough Solar Thermal / PV or CCS (& continue BAU) Avoid anti-poor mitigation measures (land grab under name of bio-fuels) Indian should reduce Carbon intensity of energy Adopt pro-poor policies for its own interest (development & Energy security)

References
http://www.cfr.org/india/indias-energy-crunch/p12200 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India http://www.adb.org/documents/events/2010/asia-cleanenergy-forum/QLW-Policy-Evaluation-India.pdf http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/05/24/idINIndia57208520110524 http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/sam98.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol_and_gover nment_action www.undp.org.yu