BASIC

ELECTRICITY
Electricity- is come from the Greek word
(elektron) and also in the New Latin word of electricus,
meaning amber. Electricity is a widely used form of
energy that encompasses a variety of phenomena
resulting from the presence and flow of electric
charge. The electric charge is the flow or movement of
lost electron from an atom. In atom theory, the center
of an atom is a nucleus. The nucleus contains
positively charged particles called proton or positron,
the negatively charged called electrons and the
uncharged particles called neutrons.
The negative charge is equal to number of
positive charged in an atom. When the
balancing force between protons and
electron is upset caused by friction,
induction, or chemical charge, an atom nay
gain or lose an electron. The effect is the
free movement of these electrons from an
atom now call electric current.
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
There are different sources of electricity that can
harness in different way. The mechanical way,
this kind of electricity source convert the primary
energy like wind, geothermal, hydropower, ocean
power and solar power and secondary energy
like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power by using
electric generator to produce electricity. The
chemical way, this kind of electricity source used
electric cells or battery to produce electricity.
Types of Mechanical Source
of Energy
1. Geothermal Energy
- Geo means earth and thermal means heat. Meaning
geothermal energy is the heat energy of the earth.
Geothermal Energy can be harnessed from the Earth’s natural
heat associated with active volcanoes or geologically young
inactive volcanoes still giving off heat at depth. Steam from
high- temperature geothermal fluids can be used to drive
turbines and generate electrical power, while lower
temperature fluids provide hot water for space- heating
purpose, heat for greenhouses and industrial uses, and hot or
warm springs at resort spas.
2. Hydropower
- The term hydro comes from an ancient Greek word of
water. This is a force of moving water from rivers or storage
reservoirs. The process starts with the annual hydrologic, or
water cycle, providing seasonal rain and runoff from snowpack.
The runoff from rain and snow collects in lakes, streams and
rivers and flows to dams downstream. The water funnels
through a dam, into a powerhouse and turns a large wheel
called a turbine. The turbine turns a shaft that rotates a series of
magnets past copper coils in a generator to create electricity.
The water then returns to the river. From the powerhouse,
transmission lines carry electricity to communities.
Advantage of Hydropower
 Very high return on energy investment
Very low greenhouse gas emissions
Very low air pollution emissions
Inexpensive once dam is built
Can produce energy on-demand
Provide water storage and flood- control
Disadvantage of Hydropower
 Very high and requirements
 Extremely high impacts to land and water habitat
 Best sites are already developed or off-limits
 Disastrous impacts in case of dam failure

3. Ocean Power
- Oceans have tremendous energy in the movement of
their currents and waves.
 Marine Currents
There are two kinds of marine currents two- way (tidal) currents, and
one- way currents.

1. Two- way Currents are the ocean tides, caused by gravitational cut off
the moon and sun. Each heavenly body pulls on the part of the ocean
nearest to it, causing budges in water height. As the earth rotates,
those bulges move in relation to the world’s coastlines, pulling water
onto and away from the shore. So, the turning of the earth causes a
moving pattern in the oceans; at every coast turn, the level rises and
fails, resulting in two high tides and two low tides daily.
2. One- way Currents are like massive “rivers” of ocean water
flowing within the ocean for hundreds- sometimes
thousands- of rules.
4. Solar Energy
- Solar Energy, provided by the sun is the most
inexhaustible and cleanest source or energy known. Its
heat and light arrive week in and week out- free. But
not in uniform amounts each day, or in concentrated
form, and not at all at night. Consequently, the barriers
to greater use of solar energy by a world faced with
dwindling energy resources are significant; mainly,
diffusion and the inability economically to store solar
energy use it directly or convert it to electricity.
Advantages of Solar Energy
 Renewable energy source
 Very low greenhouse gas emissions
 Very low air pollution emissions
 Very low water requirements
 Modular, low- profile, low- maintenance
 Very safe for workers and public
Disadvantages of Solar
Energy
 Intermittent energy source
 High and requirements
 Expensive
 Manufacture involves some toxics
5. Wind Power
- is a renewable resource. Wind is a form of solar
energy. The basic machinery that converts wind power to
electricity is called a wind turbine. The force of the wind
spins blades attached to a hub that turns as the blades
turn. Together, the blades and hub are called the rotor.
The turning rotor spins a generator, producing electricity.
Mankind has been making use of wind power for
centuries. One of the first known uses was to propel
sailing ships. This was followed, centuries later, by the
development of windmills.
Advantages of Wind Power
 Renewable energy source
 Very low greenhouse gas emissions
 Very low air pollution emissions
 Very low water requirements
 Very safe for workers and public
Disadvantage of Wind Power
 Intermittent energy source
 Limited to windy areas
 Potentially high hazard to birds
 Moterate land requirements
Chemical Source of Energy
1. Coal Energy
- The Coal energy coal rock that burns to release
the energy. It is mostly made of the chemical element
carbon. Some coal is brown and crumbly, and some
coal is hard, black, and glossy. The greater the
percentage of the coal burned that is carbon, the higher
its rank or potential energy. Coal is among the fossil
fuels along with oil (petroleum), and natural gas. The
fossil fuels are considered non- renewable energy
resources.
Advantages of Coal Energy
 Inexpensive
 Abundant
 Low land requirements
 Can produce energy on demand
Disadvantage of Coal Energy
 Non- renewable energy source
 Very high greenhouse gas emissions
 Very high air pollution emissions
 High land/water impacts from acid rain, mine
drainage
 High hazardous occupation
2. Nuclear Energy
- is the energy trapped inside atoms, those tiny particles from
which all matter is made. The principle of producing electricity by
heat is the same in nuclear power production as in coal or oil-based
energy production. By heat, the water is boiled to high pressure
steam. The steam rotates the turbine. The generator attached to
the turbine generates electricity. In a nuclear power plant, the heat
needed for producing electricity is generated in a nuclear reactor by
the fission of atomic nuclei. In the energy production, nuclear
energy replaces fossil fuels, mainly coal, which poses significant
environmental hazards. Of the new energy forms, nuclear power is
so far the only one ready for large-scale energy production. Nuclear
power is economical, and the annual fuel reserve of a nuclear power
plant can be transported in just a few truck loads.
Advantages of Nuclear
Energy
 Low greenhouse gas emissions
 Low air pollution emissions
 Low land requirements for power plants (though not
for waste storage)
 Can produce energy on-demand
Disadvantage of Nuclear
Energy
 Non- renewable energy source
 High water requirements
 Relatively expensive
 Waste remains dangerous for thousands of years
 Serious accident would be disastrous
3. Natural Gas
- is made up mostly of methane.
Methane, a combination of hydrogen and
carbon, is formed when plants and animals
(organic matter) are trapped beneath the
sedimentary layers of the earth.
Advantages of Natural Gas
 Inexpensive
 low land requirements
 Can produce energy on- demand
 Relatively sale for workers and public
Disadvantages of Natural
Gas
 Non- renewable energy source
 High greenhouse gas emissions
 Relatively moderate air pollution emissions
 Danger of explosion if handled improperly
4. Biomass Energy
- all solid material of animal or vegetable origin from
which energy may be extracted. It also called solid biomass.
Plant products ( such as corn husks, branches, or peanut
shells), wastepaper, and cow dung are examples of biomass
fuels. Biomass can be heated, burned, fermented, or treated
chemically to release energy. Biomass is produced by
photosynthesis; basic research in photosynthesis may provide
systems that directly convert sunlight into fuels. Biomass can
also be used a fuel for space heating and factory processing,
and to produce liquid transportation fuel such as ethanol.
Advantages of Biomass
Energy
 Renewable energy source
 Very low greenhouse gas emissions
 Can produce energy on- demand
 Energy is easily stored
Disadvantage of Biomass
Energy
 Low energy return on investment
 High air pollution emissions
 Very high water and land requirements
 High occupational hazards
Types of Electric Current
Alternating Current (AC)
- This are the electric charge that move forward, then backward, then
forward,, then backward, over and over again. The voltage or current that
changes polarity, or direction, respectively, over time. The back-and-forth
motion occurs between 50 and 60 times per second, depending on the
electrical system of the country. This is called the frequency and is
designed as either 50 Hertz (50Hz) or 60 Hertz (60Hz).

Direct Current (DC)

- This are the movement (or flow) of electric charge is only in one
direction. The voltage or current that materials constant polarity or
direction, respectively, over time.
Source of Direct Current

 Chemical battery
 Electronic power supply
 Mechanical Generator
Kinds of Electricity
Static Electricity
- electricity at rest.
- the attraction between positive and negative charge particles.
- it refers to the buildup of electric charge on the surface of objects.
- the static changes remain on an object until they either bleed off to
ground or are quickly neutralized by a discharge.
-it is notable as a physical phenomenon that can be demonstrated using
simple experiments that can convey genuine understanding of the physics,
involved.
-electricity produced by friction.
- an electrical charge that builds up due to friction between two dissimilar
materials. Friction removes some electrons from one object and deposits them
on the other.
-The buildup or imbalance of the same charges. Static
electricity is at rest until discharged.
-The electricity associated with electric charges, which
tends to stay ‘static’ rather than flowing away.
-Movement of charges from one object to another without
further movement. An electrical charge frequently found in
paper which is too dry, or which has been affected by local
atmospheric conditions.
-It refers to the net presence (or imbalance) of charge on a
body, usually caused when dissimilar materials are rubbed
together, transferring charge from one to the other.
Dynamic Electricity
- A flow of electric charge
-Also known as electric current
-Electricity in motion
-The movement of positive and negative charge particles.
-A flow of electric charge constitutes an electric current.
The direction of current was described in terms of the
motion of imaginary positive charges.
 Electrical Components in
Installing Electrical House
Wiring
Electrical Symbols

-Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams

which show how a circuit is connected. The
actual layout of the components is usually quite
different from the circuit diagram.
Wires and Connections
Switches
Output Devices: Lamps,
Heater, Motor, etc.
Parts of a Simple Electrical
Circuit
A complete circuit consists of a device or board, a path for the
current flow, a method of control and a source of electrical
energy.

Schematic diagram
Load- are electrical device like lighting fixture and appliances
that consumes electrical energy.
Path- are wire use as conductor of electricity which provides
passage for electric current from the source and back.
Control- is an electrical device that control or
turns the circuit on and off conveniently.

Source- are electrical energy coming from either

alternating current or direct current that
provides electrical power to the circuit.
Types of Electrical Circuit
Series Circuit

- This type of circuit in which all load are connected in a straight line, like a chain.
- If one load is open (defective) other loads will not function as well.
- In current the amount is series passing through one load is remained the same
amount that passes through the other loads in the circuit.
- The formula in getting the current is series is:
- In voltage, the individual voltage drop across each load in series may vary from one
another depending upon their resistances.
- The sum of all the individual voltage drops is equal to the voltage of the source.
- There can be many different voltages in a series circuit, as a voltage drop appears
across every load.
- In resistance, the total resistance in a series circuit is equal to the sum of all the individual
resistances within the circuit.
- The formula for Resistance in Series is:
R Total = R 1 + R 2 + R 3+ etc…

Parallel Circuit
- In voltage, the voltage drop across each load is the same.
- When load is open ( defective), the other will not be affected.
- Are connected allowing multiple paths for current flow.
- All voltage remains the same throughout the circuit.
E Total = E 1 = E 2 = E 3, etc
- In current, the total current (It) is equal to the summation of the individual currents.
- There can be many different currents in a parallel circuit, as each leg has the same voltage,
but can have a different resistance.
- The total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of all individual currents on each leg
of the circuit.
-The formula for Current in Parallel is:
I Rtotal = I R1 + R2 + I R3 + etc
-In resistance, is found by reciprocating the sum of the reciprocals of
the resistance of the individual branches
-The formula for Resistance in Parallel is:

Series and Parallel Circuit

- A special type of circuit that combination of series and parallel
connection in one circuit.
OHM’S LAW in Household Electrical
House Wiring
-ohm’s Law discovered by the German physicist Geong Ohm, (1787- 1854).
-It deals with the relationship between voltage and current in an ideal
conductor.
-It states that the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the two
points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.
-Material that obeys Ohm’s Law is called “ohmis” or “linear” because the
potential difference across it varies linearly with the current.
-Ohm’s Law defines the relationship between (P) power, (E) voltage, (I)
current, and (R) resistance. One ohm is the resistance value through which
one volt will maintain a current of one ampere.
-(I) Current is what flows on a wire or conductor like
water flowing down a river. Current flows from negative
to positive on the surface of a conductor. Current is
measured in (A) ampere or amps.
-Current indicates the amount of electrons passing
through the wire and is measured in amperes or amps
for short.
-To find Current: I= V/R or I (amps) = V (volts) / R
-(E OR V) Voltage is the difference in electrical potential
between two points in a circuit. It’s push or pressure
behind current flow through a circuit and is measured in
(V) volts.
Voltage is the electrical potential energy and is measured in volts.
To find voltage: V=IxR or V (volts) = (amps) x R (0)
(R)Resistance determines how much current will flow through a
component, Resistors are used to control voltage and current levels.
A very high resistance allows a small amount of current to flow. A
very low resistance allows a large amount of current to flow.
Resistance is measured in ohms, and the unit symbol for it is the
Greek letter omega, Q.
Electrical resistance can be thought of as the "friction" on the
movement of electrons in a wire. To find resistance: R=V÷I1 or R (0)
V (volts) +1 (amps) (P) Power is the amount of current times the
voltage level at a given point measured in wattage or watts.
Procedure in Electrical House Wiring

Basic principles of Good Writing

 Before beginning any electrical repair, shut off the
power. Remove the fuse or trip the breaker for the
circuit you will be working on in your service panel. Use
a neon tester to be sure the power is off. If there is any
doubt, you can remove the main fuse or trip the main
breaker, Remember: Removing the main fuse or
tripping the main breaker will usually shut off the
power to the entire house.
 Wire color Purpose

Black Wires Black wires are always used for hot wires. These wires may feed
a switch or outlet and are often used as switch legs. Never used
a black wire for a neutral or ground connection.

White Wires White wires almost always connect to other white wires or to
chrome terminal screws on switches and receptacles.

Red Wires Red wires are also used for hot wires, switch legs (like to a
ceiling fan), and are the second hot wire in 220-volt
installations. Another useful application is the interconnect wire
between two hardwired smoke detectors.

Blue and Yellow Wires Blue and yellow wires are used as hot wires. These wires are
usually pulled in conduit. The blue wires are generally used for
travelers in three-way and four-way switch applications. They
also are used as switch legs to things like lights and fans. Yellow
wires are generally used for switch legs. These control things
like light, fans, and switched outlets.

Green and Bare Copper Wires Green wires and bare copper wires are used only for grounding.
These wires will ground devices and d to junction boxes and
appliance shall be bonded to junction shall be bonded
connections for safety.
a. Some wiring devices-such as receptacles-are back-wired by pushing the
bare wire end into spring grip holes. These wiring devices are plainly
labeled to show which color goes into each spring grip hole.
b. Switches are nearly always connected into black wires in cables. The
only exception is where a cable is extended, making it necessary for the
white wire to play the role of the black wire. When this is necessary, the
white wires should be painted black to prevent future wiring errors.
c. Study the wiring diagram. This will help you understand the basic
principles of good wiring. Also, find a good electrical how-to book. It's one
book every homeowner should keep on hand for ready reference.
d. Most home wiring is complete with either No. 14 gauge or No. 12 gauge
wiring. No. 14.is the smallest wiring permitted under most codes.
 Wire Use Rated Ampacity Wire Gauge
Low- voltage lighting and lamp 10 Amps 18 Gauge
cords
Extension Cords 13 Amps 16 Gauge
Light Fixtures, Lamps, Lighting Runs 15 Amps 14 Gauge
Receptacles, 110- volt Air 20 Amps 12 Gauge
Conditioners, Sumo Pumps, Kitchen
Appliances
Electric Clothes Dryers, 220- volt 30 Amps 10 Gauge
Window Air Conditioners, Built- in
Ovens, Electric Water Heaters

Cook Tops 45 Amps 8 Gauge

Electric Furnaces, Large Electric 60 Amps 6 Gauge
Heaters
Electric Furnaces, Large 60 Amps 4 Gauge
Electric Water, Sub
Panels

Service Panels, Sub 100 Amps 2 Gauge

Panels
Service Entrance 150 Amps 1/0 Gauge
Service Entrance 200 Amps 2/0 Gauge
e. Always use the same size cable for a contribution of extended
wiring any circuit.

Single- pole switch

A single- pole switch is the most basic of all electrical switching.

When the switch is in the ON position, it completes the circuit and
supplies power to the device. When in the OFF position, the switch
disconnects power from the device.
How to replace a single pole
switch.
This is a fairly simple thing to do with only a few things to keep in mind.
1. Turn the power off to the circuit.
2. Double check that the power is off.
3. Remove cover plate.
4. Remove existing switch from the box while keeping the wires attached.
5. If it is a single pole switch you should have 3 wires connected to it, the feed, the
switch leg and the ground.
6. Remove wires from existing switch and connect them to the new switch.
7. Install the new switch back into the box.
8. Replace the cover plate.
9. Turn the power back on.
10. Test your work.
Installing a new light and switch.
1.Determine the current for the circuit that will determine what size cable you
2.Run your feed cable from the electrical panel to your switch locations
3.Run your switch cable from the switch location to the light fixture or fixtures.
4. Install an electrical box at the switch location and at every light fixture location. Make sure the box
is rated for the weight of the light fixture. If you are installing a ceiling fan you will need a fan rated
box. Install your light fixtures.
5. Install your light fixtures.
6.Make your connections to the switch. Splice the white or neutral wires together. Connect the black
wires to the switch terminals. Connect your ground to the switch ground terminal and the box if it is
metal.
7.Install the switch into the box.
8.Install your cover plate.
9. Connect your feed cable in your main electrical panel to the proper size circuit breaker, and
ground/neutral bar.
10. Test your work.
House Wiring
House wiring must conform to existing laws and
regulations of the National Electrical Code as well as the
City or Local Ordinances enforced and applied in the
specific localities. House wiring methods approved by
the National Fire Protection Association Include open
conductors, concealed knob and tube wiring, surface
metal raceways, armored cable, under floor raceways,
non-metallic sheathed cable, electrical metallic tubing,
cast-in-place raceways, wire ways and house ways.
 Terminologies
1. Ampere- the unit used to measure current. One ampere is 6.28 x 1018 electrons passing a specific
point in one second.
2. Electric Current- A movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in amperes.
Describes a flow of electric charge. Electric current is either Direct Current (DC) a single-direction flow, or
Alternating Current (AC) which describes a current that repeatedly changes direction.
3. Electric field- An influence produced by an electric charge on other charges in its vicinity.

4. Electrical energy- Is a form of energy present in an electric field or magnetic field, electrical energy is
measured in joules? It can be converted to work though the use of an electrical device or machine such as
electric motor.

5. Electric potential- The capacity of an electric field to do work, typically measured in volts.

6. Electromagnetism- A fundamental interaction between the magnetic field and the presence and
motion of an electric charge.

7. Electric power- Is the name given to electrical energy production and distribution.
Types of Capacitor
Electric Capacitor (Electrochemical Type Capacity)
Tantalum Capacitor
Ceramic Capacitor
Polystyrene Film Capacitor
Mica Capacitor
Metallized Polyester Capacitor
Variable Capacitor
Trimmer Capacitor
Type of Diode
Lighting Emitting Diode (LED)
Avalanche Diode
Laser Diode
Schottky Diodes
Zener Diode
Photodiode
Varicap Diode or Varactor Diode Rectifier Diode
Transistor
An electrical circuit needs to have switches to control
the current. In electronic equipment the most kind of
switch is the transistor. Transistor is invented by William
Shockley which considered by many as the father of
transistor. This device commonly varies is composition
and in the arrangement of the components. It is use to
amplify or switch electronics signals which is made of a
solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least
three terminals for connection to an external circuit.
Gate- the post of transistor that receives the
current used to turn the switch on completing
the circuit so electricity can flow.
Source- the post of a transistor where the
current in the closed circuit enters the transistor.
Drain- the post of a transistor that passes the
current from the transistor and on through the
closed circuits.
Resistor
This device is the simplest components in any circuit. With
a measurable ability to resist the flow of electrons used to
control the strengthen of the current in a circuit. Resistors
come in many different shapes and sizes. Variable resistors
(also known as potentiometers) have a dial control on
them, so they change the amount of resistance when you
turn them.

Europe Resistor Symbol

United State Resistor Symbol
Type of Resistor
1. Variable Resistor (Potentiometer)
2. Variable Resistor (Preset)
3. Carbon Composition Resistor
4. Film or Cermet Resistor
5. Wire- Wound Resistor
6. Metal oxide Film Resistor
7. Vitreous Enamel Resistor
8. Cement Resistor
9. Semiconductor Resistor
Types of Circuit Board
1. Breadboard
- temporary, no soldering required
- this is a way of making a temporary circuit, for testing purposes or to try out an idea.
- it easy to change connections and replace components.
2. Strip Board
- permanent, soldered
-strip board requires no special preparation other than cutting to size. It can be cut with
a junior hacksaw, or simply snap it along the line of holes by putting it over the edge of a bench
or table and pushing hard.
3. Printed Circuit Board
- Permanent, soldered
- printed circuit boards here copper tracks connecting the holes where the components are
placed.

ELECTRONIC SCHEMANTIC DIAGRAM

 SIMPLE ELECTRONIC REPAIR
1. Broken wiring inside cord set
-If the problem is intermittent, plug the appliance in and tum it on. Then try
bending or pushing the wire toward the plug or appliance connector end to see if
you can make the internal conductors touch at least momentarily. If the cord set is
removable, test between ends with a continuity checker or multimeter on the low
ohms scale. If it is not detachable, open the appliance to perform this test.
2. Bad internal connections
In many cases, a visual inspection with some careful flexing and prodding will
reveal the location of the bad connection. If it is an intermittent, this may need to
be done with a well insulated stick while the appliance is on and running. When all
else fails, the use of a continuity checker or multimeter on the low ohms scale can
identify broken connections which are not obviously wires visibly broken in two. For
testing heating elements, use the multimeter as a continuity checker may not be
sensitive enough since the element normally has some resistance.
3. Short circuits
Visually inspect for bare wires or wires with frayed or worn insulation touching
metal parts, terminals they should not be connected to, or other wires. Use a
multimeter on the high ohms scale to check between both prongs of the AC
plug and any exposed metal parts. Try all positions of any power or selector
switches. Any resistance measurement less than 100K ohms or so is cause for
concern - and further checking. Also test between internal terminals and wires
that should not be connected together.
4. Worn, dirty, or broken switches or thermostat contacts
Where there is a changed feel to the switch or thermostat with an associated
operational problem, there is little doubt that the part is bad and must be replaced.
Where this is not the case, label the connections to the switch or thermostat and then
remove the wires. Use the continuity checker or ohmmeter across each set of
contacts. They should be 0 ohms or open depending on the position of the switch or
knob and nothing in between. In most cases, you should be able to obtain both
readings. The exception is with respect to thermostats where room temperature is off
one end of their range. Inability to make the contacts open or close or erratic
intermediate resistances which are affected by tapping or jiggling are a sure sign of a
bad set of contacts.
5.Gummed up lubrication, or worn or dry bearings
If the appliance does not run but there is a hum (AC line operated appliances) or runs
sluggishly or with less power than you recall when new, lubrication problems are likely.
With the appliance unplugged, check for free rotation of the motor(s). In general, the
shaft sticking out of the motor itself should turn freely with very little resistance. If it is
difficult to turn, the motor bearings themselves may need attention or the mechanism
attached to the motor may be filled with crud. In most cases, a thorough cleaning to
remove all the old dried up and contaminated oil or grease followed by relubing with
similar oil or grease as appropriate will return the appliance to good health. Don't
skimp on the disassembly - total cleaning will be best. Even the motor should be
carefully removed and broken down to its component parts - end plates, rotor, and
stator, brushes (if any) in order to properly clean and lubricate its bearings.
6.Broken or worn drive belts or gears
Except for the case of a vacuum cleaner where the belt is readily accessible, open
the appliance. A good rubber belt will be perfectly elastic and will return to its relaxed
length instantly when stretched by 25 percent and let go. It will not be cracked, shiny,
hard, or brittle. A V-type belt should be dry (no oil coating), undamaged (not cracked,
brittle, or frayed), and tight (it should deflect 1/4" to 1/2" when pressed firmly halfway
between the pulleys).
7. Broken Parts- plastic or metal castings, linkages, washers,
and other doodads are often not constructed quite the way
they used to be. When any of these fail, they can bring a
complicated appliance to its knees. Failure may be caused by
normal wear and tear, improper use, accidents, or shoddy
manufacturing.
8. Insect Damage- Many appliances make inviting home for
all sorts of multi- legged creatures. Evidence of their visits or
extended stays will be obvious including frayed insulation, short
circuits caused by bodily fluids or entire bodies, remains of food
and droppings. Even the smallest ventilation hole can be a
front.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!