ALVA’S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Unit of Alva’s Education Foundation (R), Moodbidri)
Shobhavana Campus, MIJAR-574225, Moodbidri, D.K., Karnataka.
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE New Delhi. Recognized
by Govt. of Karnataka.
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A+’ & NBA (ECE & CSE)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
Technical Seminar on Topic
MEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING
Under the Guidance Of
Mr. Sushanth Anil Lobo
Associate Professor
Submitted By
CHETAN M
4AL21EC019
INTRODUCTION
What is Medical Image Processing?
The technique of using algorithms to process and analyze medical images to
enhance their quality or extract useful information that can help in diagnosing or
understanding medical conditions.
Example: Tumor Detection in MRI Brain Scans Using Medical Image Processing.
Importance in Modern Technology
• Medical image processing algorithms help doctors to identify and diagnose
diseases more accurately by providing enhanced images and automated feature
detection, reducing human error.
• Automated image processing reduces the time and labor required for manual
interpretation of medical images, leading to cost savings for healthcare
institutions.
• Early detection improves the effectiveness of treatment and increases patient
survival rates.
• Real-life use case: Medical image processing is applied to retinal scans (using
OCT or fundus imaging) to detect diabetic retinopathy and other eye diseases.
HOW IT WORKS
1. Image Acquisition
Collecting medical images from sources like MRI, CT,
X-ray, Ultrasound, or PET scans.
2. Preprocessing
Enhancing image quality by:
•Noise reduction
•Contrast enhancement
•Normalization
•Resizing or cropping
3. Image Segmentation
Dividing the image into meaningful regions (e.g.,
isolating a tumor, organ, or lesion).
4. Registration
Comparing pre- and post-treatment scans.
5.Feature Extraction
Extracting key features such as:
•Texture, shape, intensity (traditional)
•Deep features from CNN (if using deep learning)
6.Classification / Detection
Applying Machine Learning or Deep Learning models to:
•Detect abnormalities
•Classify disease types or stages
7.Visualization & Decision Support
•Presenting results to clinicians with overlays, reports, or real-time
feedback.
•Assisting in diagnosis, treatment planning, or monitoring.
TECHNIQUES USED
Machine Learning
Machine Learning (ML) is a method where algorithms learn patterns from data to
make decisions or predictions.
In image processing, ML algorithms can classify images based on extracted
features.
Example:Diabetic Retinopathy Detection
Deep Learning
Deep Learning is a subset of ML that uses multi-layered neural networks to
model high-level abstractions in data.
It automatically extracts features, making it highly effective for image
processing.
It can handle large-scale image datasets efficiently.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
CNNs are the most widely used deep learning models for
image processing tasks.
They consist of layers such as:
Convolutional layers (for feature detection)
Pooling layers (for dimensionality reduction)
Fully connected layers (for classification)
CNNs can learn spatial hierarchies of features, making them
ideal for image processing analysis.
Example: Brain Tumor Detection from MRI using CNN
MODELS USED
1. Image Classification
•Res Net (ResNet-50, ResNet-101)
→ Deep residual networks used for classifying medical images like chest X-rays and
histopathology slides.
•Dense Net
→ Effective in detecting abnormalities in medical images due to its dense feature
reuse.
2.Multi-modal & Hybrid Models
•Vision Transformers (Vi-T)
→ Emerging in medical imaging due to their success in learning global features.
•CNN-RNN Hybrids
→ Useful for video-based medical data (e.g., endoscopy, ultrasound videos).
YOLOv5 ARCHITECTURE
YOLOv5 ARCHITECTURE
1. Backbone
•Purpose: Extracts feature maps from input images.
•Implementation: Utilizes CSP Darknet, a variant of Darknet, which
employs Cross-Stage Partial Networks (CSP Net) to enhance gradient flow
and reduce computation.
2. Neck
•Purpose: Aggregates and refines features from the backbone to improve
detection performance.
•Implementation: Incorporates PANet (Path Aggregation Network),
which enhances information flow and helps in detecting objects at different
scales.
YOLOv5 ARCHITECTURE
3. Head
•Purpose: Generates final predictions, including class labels, bounding box
coordinates, and objectness scores.
•Implementation: Employs a YOLO layer that outputs predictions at three
different scales, facilitating multi-scale detection.
WHY YOLOv5 IS
PREFERRED?
•Fast and Efficient: Suitable for real-time processing.
•High Accuracy: Performs well in complex image environments.
•Lightweight Model: Can be deployed on lower-resource systems, including
embedded devices.
PROJECT EXAMPLE
Objective:
To assist gastroenterologists by automatically detecting colorectal polyps in
real-time during colonoscopy procedures using YOLOv5.
Dataset Used:
•Public datasets like Kvasir-SEG or CVC-ClinicDB, which contain
annotated colonoscopy images and videos.
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Tensor Flow / Keras
Used mainly for image classification and CNN training.
Py-Torch
YOLOv5 is implemented using Py-Torch.
Open CV
Helps in image pre-processing, detection, annotation, and video
handling.
Google Collab for training
Ideal for training models (like YOLOv5) using GPUs without local
setup.
Supports Python, Py-Torch, TensorFlow, and file sharing.
Deployment on GPUs or edge devices for real-time performance.
APPLICATIONS OF YOLOv5
•Tumor and Lesion Detection:
Used to detect and localize tumors in CT, MRI, or ultrasound images (e.g., lung
nodules, brain tumors, breast masses).
•Polyp Detection in Colonoscopy:
YOLOv5 has been applied to real-time detection of polyps during colonoscopy
videos to assist endoscopists.
•Retinal Disease Screening:
Used for detecting signs of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, or age-related
macular degeneration in retinal fundus images.
•Surgical Tool Detection:
Helps in identifying and tracking surgical instruments during operations in
video feeds for robotic or AR-assisted surgery.
CHALLENGES
•Data Quality and Variability:
Medical images often suffer from noise, low resolution, and artifacts, and
can vary significantly between devices and patients, making standardization
and accurate analysis difficult.
•Annotation and Labeled Data Scarcity:
Training AI models requires large amounts of accurately labeled data, which
is hard to obtain due to the need for expert medical annotation and patient
privacy concerns.
•Regulatory and Ethical Concerns:
Ensuring patient data privacy, gaining regulatory approvals, and maintaining
transparency and fairness in AI-driven diagnoses are ongoing challenges in
clinical adoption.
FUTURE SCOPE
•Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI):
AI and deep learning will enable more accurate, faster, and automated diagnosis
through advanced image analysis.
•Real-Time Image Processing:
Enhanced computing power will allow real-time processing of medical images,
useful in surgeries and emergency care.
•3D and 4D Imaging Advancements:
Improved 3D/4D imaging will provide more detailed anatomical views, aiding in
complex diagnosis and treatment planning.
•Personalized Medicine:
Combining image data with genetic and clinical data will support individualized
treatment strategies.
•Remote Diagnostics & Telemedicine:
Enhanced image compression and transmission will support remote diagnosis,
especially in rural or underserved areas.
CONCLUSION
Medical image processing in modern healthcare by enhancing the
accuracy, efficiency, and speed of disease diagnosis and treatment
planning. With advancements in AI, machine learning, and imaging
technologies, it enables automated detection, segmentation, and
analysis of complex medical data, leading to improved clinical
outcomes and patient care. Continued research and ethical
implementation are key to unlocking its full potential in future
medical applications.
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