RF ID READER

AND
OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Group Members

Aarathy Udayabhanu
Arun Krishnan
Franklin Geo Francis
Namsheer K
Nithin Sarath

1
OBJECTIVES
•To design and build an RFID Tag Reader
using U2270B IC.

•To implement an Office Automation System

using the Tag Reader .

2
RFID Stands For…

RADIO
FREQUENCY
IDENTIFICATION

3
The Basics ..

WHAT IS RFID TECHNOLOGY ??

Radio Frequency Identification is the use

of an object (RF ID Tag) applied to or
incorporated to an object for the purpose
of identification and tracking using Radio
Frequency waves .

4
How Does RFID Work?

RFID system is comprised of three

major components:

♦ Transponder (RF tag)

♦ RFID reader ( includes an
antenna)
♦ S/W to utilize retrieved tag data.

5
An RFID System

6
The Components ..
TAG
 An RFID Tag consists of an antenna circuit and a
silicon chip.
Tags are classified according to their abilities:
♦ Active
♦ Passive
♦ Read-Only
♦ Write-Once
♦ Read-Write

 Tag is energized by a time-varying

electromagnetic radio frequency (RF) wave that
is transmitted by the Reader.

 On getting energized, information stored in the

device is transmitted to reader. This is called
BACKSCATTERING.

7
 Passive Tags

 Passive tags contain no batteries.

 Passive tags get power from a reader.

Reader sends electromagnetic waves that produce a

current in the tag’s antenna which then powers the
microchip’s circuits.

A passive tags read range is approximately thirty

feet.

8
RFID Reader

•An RFID tag reader is a device that uses an antenna coil to

activate the passive RFID tag with RF energy and read the
induced response from the card.

• The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read
and write data into the tag.

•The antenna is the channel between the tag and the

transceiver, thus it controls the data attainment and
communication.

•The received signal is demodulated , decoded and used by

associated software to perform identity specific actions.

9
Project Block-Wise
Overview
The entire project can be divided into three main parts

1.RFID Reader
* Front End Circuit
* Microcontroller Unit

2.PC based User-Interface and control program

3.Office Automation Control circuitry

* MCU based control circuit
* Appliance control circuit in each cubicle.

10
Block Diagram

11
 READER FRONT END IC
(U2270B)
•U2270B is an IC for Read/Write Base Stations
working in 125Khz freq range.

•Consists of energy transfer circuit to supply the

transponder.

•Includes an on chip power supply, an oscillator,

coil driver, signal processing circuits.

•Microcontroller compatible interface

•Tuning Capability.
12
Functions
•Generates carrier signal of 125Khz frequency.
•Drives the antenna coil with required power.

U2270B Pinout

13
Reader Circuit
Carrier
Generation

U2270B
Envelope
Antenna
Detector

MCU
ATMEL Rectifier
MEGA Comparato
32 r

14
Reader Circuit Schematic

15
Reader Circuit Schematic

16
The Circuit contains :-

•RLC Circuit:- connected between COIL 1 and COIL 2 pins .It is the
circuit containing the Antenna , and being a series resonant
circuit, it delivers maximum current at resonant frequency.

•Envelope Detector :-It detects the upper envelope of the

modulated wave obtained by energizing the tag.

•Zero Crossing detector:-To convert the envelope to a perfect

square wave .

•Precision Rectifier:-To convert the square wave to a

microcontroller compatible 0-5V format.

17
Design Considerations
1.U2270B -Mode Of Operation

One Rail Operation

* All internal power supply are
operated at 5V.
* Vs , Dvs , Vext serve as inputs.
2.Internal Oscillator
Frequency of the oscillator is controlled by the current fed to
the Rf Input .
For 125 KHz, Rf=110 K is defined. For other values
Rf=(14375)/(fo[KHz] -5)
3.RLC Network
The antenna along with a capacitor and resistor forms a series
RLC circuit. At resonance (f=125KHz) , we have,
f=1/(2*3.14*L*C) ,
Let L=1.35mH
We have C=1.24nF

18
Manchester Decoding Using MCU
The Manchester encoded waveform so obtained will similar to the
one shown below :-

ATMEGA32 is used to decode the waveform. This is done by

making use of the Timer1/Capture/Compare/PWM1 module. Here
the capture capability is utilized to capture edges.
The time difference between consecutive edges is used to
determine the bit received.

19
Flowchart for Manchester decoding
using MCU
Initialize timer
START and capture unit

Synchroniz
Biterror
e
continue

Wait for edge

capture

NO
YES NO
Is Is
time time Biterror
=T =2T

NB=CB YES

Store bit in
NB=~CB
buffer

X 20
 X

Increment
bitcount

NO
Bitcount
continue =maxbit
?

YES
Send all bits
using USART

STOP

21
Synchroniz Fetch current
e port state

NO YES
Is it = Increment
1? count of 1

NO Manchester
Is NB=1
? decode
routine

YES

Increment
count of 1

YES NO
Count =
Synchronised 9?

22
Interpreting Received Bit Sequence
•Tag contains 64 bits which are divided into 5 groups of information.
•9 Bits- Header- always 1.
•40 parity bits.
•4 column parity bits.
•9 row parity bits.
•64 bits are outputted serially until power goes down.

The decoded and interpreted data is then transmitted to the

PC using USART module in the MCU .

23
Application Circuit
•Data from the computer is transmitted to the
Application MCU.
•The Application MCU provides signals for
selecting appliances as well as cubicles.
•The control signals for the appliances are given
to a Register (PIPO) present in the Cubicle
Circuit.
•The cubicle control circuit comprises of
functions for enabling door lock ,lighting ,fan
etc.

24
 Application Circuit
•Application circuit Programming is done using JAVA.

Why Java?

•Port manipulation, which forms the core part of

the program, could be achieved.
•Creating GUI’s, with better interactability and
versatility, was easy.
•Because Java is platform independent, the
program written can be run on any
platform( Windows, Linux, MacOS etc.)

25
What does Java do??
•The Program can be essentially divided into two parts
viz. Application Circuit Control and a User Interface.

•The first part basically decodes the data sent in from the
Reader MCU, i.e. detects which person has entered the office,
and then sends a signal to his corresponding cubicle for
switching the respective appliances.

•The second part is a GUI. Here the user should enter a username
and password, which will direct the user to his/her
User page wherein he/she can decide which all appliances need
to be switched ON/OFF. An admin account has also been
provided. The administrator can view as well edit the account of
any user.
•The third part is an Attendance registry. A person’s attendance
is automatically entered when he/she enters the office.

26
Application Control
Start

Has NO
user
ente
red?

YES

Read data from Enter entry to

file attendance database

Send data to cubicle

via Serial Port

Stop
27
Graphic User Interface -1
Start

Enter user name &

password.

Check
entry
Select option

Invalid user
Attn Functions
name

A
28
Graphic User Interface -2
Start

Turn Fan On/Off

Turn lights 1 On/Off

Turn lights 2 On/Off

Ok

29
Graphic User Interface -3
Start

Administrator ID

A
No A
Check
Incorrect
ID/Password
Set Information
Yes

Enter name of
emp.

Obtain Stop
Information

A 30
Serial Communication (USART)
•Used for full duplex communication between transmitter and
receiver.
•Overall system clock divided in USART Reg UBRR

Solving for UBRR

31
USART Control Registers

32
USART Transmission &
Reception.

33
Application Circuitry

34
Application Circuitry

35
Application Circuitry

36
Application Circuitry

37
Ambient lighting

38