Chapter 4:Internets of Things (IoT)

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 4.1. Overview of IoT
 IoT features includes:-
1. Artificial Intelligence
 Makes virtually anything “smart”.
2. Connectivity:
 IoT creates small but practical networks that no longer tied to major providers between its
system devices.
3. Sensors :
 IoT loses its distinction without sensors
 makes IoT an active system capable of real-world integration
4. Active engagement
 IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service engagement.
5. Small device use
 IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility

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 4.1.1. What is IoT?

1) IoT is the networking of smart objects --Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB)

2) IoT is the networking of smart objects in which smart objects have some
constraints such as limited bandwidth, power, and processing accessibility
for achieving interoperability among smart objects. -- Internet Engineering Task Force
3) IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in the presence of the
internet in such a way that new applications and services enable the interaction
in the physical and virtual world in the form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
communication in the cloud. --Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

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 Cont’d…

4) IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s computing devices

through the Internet that enables the sending and receiving of useful
data. ----Oxford dictionary’s definition

5) IoT is expressed through a simple formula such as:

IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors

-------IoT in 2020

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 Cont’d…
 Generally IoT is the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables objects to collect and exchange
data.
 It is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and
transfer data over the internet without any human intervention.
 It consists of any device with an on/off switch connected to the
Internet

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 Cont’d…
 Applications:
 smart-city,
smart-home,
smart-energy,
connected car,
smart agriculture,
health care,
logistics,
connected campus, building & industry etc.

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 Evolution of IoT

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 IoT domains

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 4.1.3. IoT − Advantages 4.1.4. IoT – Disadvantages

 Improved Customer  Lack of Security.

 A bug in the system, could affect all connected
Engagement
device
 Technology Optimization
 No international standard of compatibility for IoT,
 Reduced Waste  Heterogeneous devices couldn’t make

 Enhanced Data Collection communication.

 Collecting and managing the data from millions
of IoT devices will be challenging for a given
Enterprise.

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 4.1.5. Challenges of IoT

 Security

 Privacy

 Complexity

 Flexibility

 Compliance

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 4.2. How does it work?

End-User IPV6
IoT Cloud/server Mobile apps
Sensors Gateway
Collecting, Gateway to Data is Help user to is a back
sending, Internet stored and control & bone of
acting on the Bridge processed command IoT
data they internal securely their devices
acquire Network to using Big ranging from
Share the external data room
data through network analytics thermostat to
gateway or jet engines &
cloud to be assembly lines
analyzed
locally

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 4.2.1. Architecture of IoT

 Sensing Layer

 Network Layer

 Data Processing Layer

 Application Layer

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 4.2.2. Devices and Networks

 Devices can be categorized

into three main groups:

1) Consumer

2) Enterprise

3) Industrial

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 Cont’d…

 IoT network devices has constrained resources (power, processing,

memory, etc.)
 The IoT network devices must be managed, configured and
monitored remotely to ensure their correct functioning.
 IoT network and device management solution should consider
several elements

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 4.3. IoT Tools and Platforms

Key Features:
• Manage an unlimited number of connected devices
• Set up cross-device interoperability
KAA • Perform real-time device monitoring
• Perform remote device provisioning & configuration
• Collect and analyze sensor data
• Analyze user behavior and deliver targeted
notifications
• Create cloud services for smart products
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 Key Features:
• Run any number of IoT applications on a single
SiteWhere instance
• Spring delivers the core configuration framework
• Add devices through self-registration
Site • Integrates with third-party integration frameworks
Where such as Mule any point
• Default database storage is MongoDB
• Eclipse Californium for CoAP messaging
• InfluxDB for event data storage
• Grafana to visualize SiteWhere data

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 Thing
Key Features:
Speak
• Collect data in private channels
• Share data with public channels
• MATLAB analytics and visualizations
• Alerts
• Event scheduling
• App integrations
• Worldwide community

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 Key Features:
• Directly integrate with Alexa
• Visualization dashboard of your choice
• It supports Big data solutions such as Elastic Search,
Apache Spark, Cassandra and Kafka for real-time
Device and batch processing.
Hive • Connect any device
• It comes with Apache Spark and Spark Streaming
support.
• Supports libraries written in various programming
languages, including Android and iOS libraries
• It allows running batch analytics and machine
learning on top of your device data
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 Zetta Key Features:
• Supports a wide range of hacker boards
• Zetta allows you to assemble smartphone apps,
device apps, and cloud apps
Things Key Features:
Board • Real-time data visualization and remote device control
• Customizable rules, plugins, widgets and transport
implementations 76
• Allows monitoring client-side and provision server-
side device attributes.
• Support multi-tenant installations out-of-the-box.
• Supports transport encryption for both MQTT &
HTTP(s) protocols.
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 4.4. Applications of IoT

IoT is applicable in sectors :

 Agriculture
 Manufacturing
 Consumer Use
 Retail
 Healthcare
 Transportation
 Insurance
 Utilities

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 4.3.1. IoT Based Smart Home
 Remote Control
Appliances
 Weather Controlling
 Smart Home
Appliances
 Energy and Water
Use
 Intrusion Detection
Systems
 Safety Monitoring

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 4.3.2. IoT Based Smart City

 Structural Health

 Lightning

 Safety

 Transportation

 Waste Management

 Smart Parking

Img src: Google image

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 4.3.3. IoT Based Smart Farming

 Green Houses

 Compost

 Animal
Farming/Tracking
 Offspring Care

 Field Monitoring

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 Chapter 5: Augmented Reality(AR)

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 Augmented Reality(AR)

 The fundamental idea of AR is to combine , or mix, the view of the real

environment with additional, virtual content that is presented through
computer graphics.
 It is achieved by ensuring that the virtual content is aligned and
registered with the real objects.
 As a person moves in an environment and their perspective view of real
objects changes, the virtual content should also be presented from the
same perspective.

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 What is Augmented reality(AR)?

Definition
 Augmented reality (AR) is a form of emerging
technology that allows users to overlay computer
generated content in the real world.

 AR refers to a live view of a physical real-world

environment whose elements are merged with augmented
computer-generated images creating a mixed reality.

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 What is Augmented reality(AR)?

 Augmented Reality (AR) is a real-time direct or indirect view of a

physical real-world environment that has been enhanced
/augmented by adding virtual computer-generated information to it.
 The inputs for the computer are captured by sensory devices,
these includes sound, video, graphics or GPS data.
 Augmented reality is the integration of digital information with the
user's environment in real time.

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 Virtual Reality (VR)

Virtual Reality (VR) is fully immersive, which tricks your senses

into thinking you’re in a different environment or world apart from

the real world.

Using a head-mounted display (HMD) or headset, you’ll experience

a computer-generated world of imagery and sounds. You can
manipulate objects and move around using haptic controllers while
tethered to a console or PC.
 It is also called a computer-simulated reality.
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 Virtual Reality (VR)
 It refers to computer technologies using reality headsets to generate
realistic sounds, images and other sensations that replicate a real
environment or create an imaginary world.
 Advanced VR environment will engage all five senses (taste, sight,
smell, touch, sound) .

 Using VR devices such as HTC Vive, Oculus Rift or Google

Cardboard, users can be transported into a number of real-world and
imagined environments.

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 Virtual Reality (VR)

 Most VR headsets are connected to a computer (Oculus

Rift) or a gaming console (PlayStation VR)

 There are standalone devices (Google Cardboard is among

the most popular) as well.

 Most standalone VR headsets work in combination with

smartphones – you insert a smartphone, wear a
headset, and immerse in the virtual reality

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 Augmented Reality (AR)

 In augmented reality, users see and interact with the real world while
digital content is added to it.
 There’s a different way to experience augmented reality, though – with
special AR headsets, such as
• Google Glass, where digital content is displayed on a tiny screen in
front of a user’s eye.
 AR adds digital elements to a live view by using the camera on a
smartphone.
• Examples: Snapchat lenses and
the game Pokémon Go.
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 Mixed Reality (MR)
 Mixed Reality (MR) sometimes referred to as hybrid reality.

 It is the merging of real and virtual worlds to produce new

environments and visualizations where physical and digital objects co-
exist and interact in real-time.

For example, with MR, you can play a

virtual video game,

grab your real-world water bottle, and

smack an imaginary character from the game with the bottle.

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 Mixed Reality (MR)

 In mixed reality, you interact with

and manipulate both physical and
virtual items and environments,
using next-generation sensing and
imaging technologies.

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 VR Vs. AR Vs. MR

 VR content is 100% digital

 AR overlays digital content on top of the real-world.

 MR is a digital overlay that allows interactive virtual elements to

integrate and interact with the real-world environment.

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 VR Vs. AR Vs. MR

Characteristic VR AR MR
Is user aware about real world No Yes Yes

Can user interact with real and virtual

world in real time No Yes Yes

Can real & virtual contents interact with

each other in real time No No Yes

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 VR Vs. AR Vs. MR
 Numerous augmented reality apps and games can run on almost
every smartphone on the market.
 Virtual reality programs requires:
• specialized VR headsets,
• noise-canceling headphones,
• cameras to track room space and boundaries, and
• sometimes even motion capture technology.
 Some of the biggest names in VR tech today are the Oculus
Rift, HTC Vive, and PlayStation VR.

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 VR Vs. AR Vs. MR

 Mixed reality hardware is still emerging and hasn’t quite broken into
the mainstream consumer market, most likely due to the price.

 The consumer releases of the Microsoft HoloLens and Magic Leap

One retail for over $2000 USD .

 However, mixed reality applications sometimes require exponentially

more processing power and thus require more powerful hardware.

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May 12, 2025 39 HU - IOT - Informatics
 The Microsoft HoloLens includes:

 A built-in microphone array,

 Binaural sound capabilities,

 A built-in camera for recording,

 A depth sensor,

 Head-tracking cameras,
 An inertial measurement unit which helps track head
movement
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 The architecture of AR Systems
The first Augmented Reality Systems (ARS) were usually designed with a basis on
three main blocks
The Infrastructure Tracker Unit
 It is responsible for collecting data from the real world, sending them to the
Processing Unit,
Processing Unit
 Which mixed the virtual content with the real content and sent the result to the
Video Out module of the Visual Unit
Visual Unit
 Used to display
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 The architecture of AR Systems

 Some designs used a

Video In, to acquire
required data for the
Infrastructure Tracker
Unit .

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 The architecture of AR Systems
 The Visual Unit can be classified into two types of system,
depending on the followed visualization technology:

1. Video see-through
 It uses a Head-Mounted Display (HMD) that employs a
video-mixing and displays the merged images on a closed-
view HMD.

2. Optical see-through:
 It uses an HMD that employs optical combiners to merge
the images within an open-view HMD.

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 HMDs shortcomings
 HMDs are currently the dominant display technology in the AR
field.

 However, they lack in several aspects, such as ergonomics, high

prices and relatively low mobility due to their sizes and connectivity
features.
 An additional problem involving HMD is the interaction with the
real environment, which places virtual interactive zones to the user,
making the collision with these zones hard due to the difficulty to
interact with multiple points in different depths.

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 Applications of AR Systems

 One of the newest developing technologies is augmented reality (AR),

which can be applied to many different disciplines such as:
Education.

Medicine.

Entertainment.

Military, etc.

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 AR In education
 Augmented reality allows flexibility in education.

 AR technology can be used with different devices:

• desktops, mobile devices, and smartphones.

 AR can be used to enhance content and instruction within the
traditional classroom,
 Supplement instruction in the special education classroom, extend
content into the world outside the classroom,

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 AR In education

 More importantly, the following reasons for using

augmented reality in education:

 Affordable learning materials

 Interactive lessons

 Higher engagement

 Higher retention

 Boost intellectual curiosity

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 AR In Medicine
This new technology is enhancing medicine and healthcare

towards more safety and efficiency.

Augmented reality has already made significant changes in the
following medical areas:
 Surgery (minimally invasive surgery or smaller wound)
 Education of future doctors
 Diagnostics

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 AR in health care

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 AR In Medicine

 AR tools aid to detect signs of depression and other

mental illnesses by reading from:
 Facial expressions.
 Voice tones.
 Physical gestures

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 AR In Medicine
 In medicine, AR has the following applications:
Describing symptoms
Nursing care
Surgery
Ultrasounds
Diabetes management
 Navigation

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 AR In Medicine
 Generally, AR provides the following benefits to patients and healthcare
workers:
 Reduce the risks associated with minimally invasive surgery.

 Better informed decisions about the right treatment and illness

prevention.;
 Make procedures more tolerable.
 Better aftercare
 Medical training and education.
 Assistance in medical procedures and routine tasks.

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 AR In Entertainment

 AR in games :- such as Pokémon Go

 AR in music
 AR on TV
 AR in eSports
 AR in the theater

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 Thank you

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