Chapter-1 1
Chapter one: overview of operating system
Chapter objective
Understand meaning and objective of operating system
Understand purpose of operating system
Identify type of operating system based on different criteria
Identify and understand OS Design issues
WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM ????? 2
SSW that manages computer HW and SW resources and provides common
services for computer programs.
An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application
programs and
Manage hw:-controls the allocation of resources and services ….
controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
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OPERATING SYSTEM
OS acts as an interface between the user of a computer
and the computer hardware.
What are the main purposes of an 4
operating system?
To provide an environment for a computer user to execute programs on computer hardware in a
convenient and efficient manner.
To allocate the separate resources of the computer as needed to solve the problem given.
The allocation process should be as fair and efficient as possible.
As a control program it serves two major functions: (1) supervision of the execution of user
programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer, and (2) management of the
operation and control of I/O devices.
Function of Operating System 5
Memory management
process management
device management
Security
Interact user and computer hardware
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Memory management
Management of MM/pm
Mm:-provide fast storage(high speed) that can be access directly by the cpu
for program to be executed
Keep track of pm
Allocate memory when process request it to do
Os' decides which process will get memory when and how much
De-allocate the memory when a process no longer need it or exit
Example: If RAM is full, the OS moves inactive processes to the swap file (virtual memory).
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Process management
Process mgt: control the execution of process including multitasking and scheduling
Os decides which process get processor when and how much time
Keep the track of the processor and status of process
Allocate processor to process
De-allocate CPU when process is not longer required
Example: Running multiple programs simultaneously (e.g., Chrome, Word, and Spotify)
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Device management
Device Mgt: manage I/p,O/p device
Controls and communicates with hardware devices like printers, keyboards,
and USB drives
Keeps tracks of all devices.
Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
Allocates the device in the efficient way.
De-allocates devices.
Example :Installing printer drivers to enable printing.
User Interface (UI) 9
Provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) or Command-Line Interface (CLI).
Example: Windows GUI, Linux Terminal, and MacOS Finder.
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Other important activity
Security
Protect user data and program from illegal/unauthorized access or
modification
Provides authentication, encryption, and access control.
Example: Login passwords, Face ID, and fingerprint authentication.
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Service of os
An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the
programs.
It provides programs, an environment to execute.
It provides users, services to execute the programs in a convenient
manner.
Con… 12
Program execution
I/O operations
Communication:-implement shared memory or message passing
Error Detection
Resource Allocation
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Program execution
Operating System that manages how a program is going to be
executed.
executed depends on the CPU Scheduling Algorithms.
the major activities of an OS with respect to program execution.
Loads a program into memory.
Executes the program.
Handles program's execution.
Provides a mechanism for process communication.
Provides a mechanism for deadlock handling.
Example: Running Notepad on Windows or executing a Python script in Linux.
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I/O OPERATION
Following are the major activities of an OS with respect to I/O Operation.
I/O operation means read or write operation with any file or any specific I/O device.
Program may require any I/O device while running.
Operating system provides the access to the required I/O device when required.
Example : Copying a file from a USB drive to a computer
File management 15
Manages file storage, organization, access, and permissions.
File system is normally organized into directories for easy and navigation and usage
This directories may contain file or other directories
Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc.
Decides who gets the resources.
Allocates the resources.
De-allocates the resources.
Example: Creating, renaming, or deleting a file.
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COMMUNICATION
Multiple processes with one another through communication lines in the network.
Two processes often require data to be transferred between them.
on the one computer or on different computer but are connected through
computer network.
Communication may be implemented by two methods
either by Shared Memory or by Message Passing.
• Example
Copying text from Notepad and pasting it into Word (Clipboard
mechanism).
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ERRO HANDLING
Error can occur anytime and anywhere.
Error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory hardware.
OS constantly remains aware of possible errors.
OS takes the appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.
Example: Windows' "Blue Screen of Death" (BSOD) when a critical
failure occurs
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RESOURCE MGT
In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources are to be
allocated to each user or job.
OS manages all kind of resources using schedulers.
Manages CPU, memory, and device usage among multiple programs.
CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of CPU
Example: Allocating CPU time for an active application while keeping
background apps running.
Type of operating system 19
Based on
• The number of programs they can handle at a time
• The number of users they serve at once at one or different stations
• Based on Job Scheduling (Process Execution): how they manage
processes, users, and resources.
Type of operating system 20
Based on the Number of Programs They Can Handle at a Time (Processing)
1. Single-tasking OS: Can run only one program at a time.
Example: MS-DOS
2. Multitasking OS: Can run multiple programs simultaneously.
Example: Windows, macOS, Linux
Type of operating system 21
Based on accessing (the Number of Users They Serve)
1. Single-user OS: Designed for one user at a time.
Example: Windows, macOS
2. Multi-user OS: Allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously.
Example: Unix, Linux (server editions)
Type of os 22
Job Scheduling : how they manage processes, users, and resources.
1. Batch operating system
2. Time-sharing operating system
3. Distributed operating system
4. Network operating system
5. Real time operating system
1.Batch operating system 23
A Batch Operating System is an early type of OS that processes jobs in batches
without user interaction.
It is primarily used in environments where similar tasks need to be executed
repeatedly.
To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a
group.
an operator which takes similar jobs having same requirement and group them
into batches.
It is the responsibility of operator to sort the jobs with similar needs.
Example: DOS-based batch processing
End-of-Day Transaction Processing
•Throughout the day, customers perform transactions like deposits, withdrawals, fund transfers, and bill payments.
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Batch operating system
Advantage of BOS
Multiple users can share the batch systems
It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Processors of the batch systems knows how long the job would be when it is in
queue
Dis-advantage of BOS
Batch systems are hard to debug
No real-time user interaction
Jobs may have to wait for others in the batch
Time sharing OS 25
• Time sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at
various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time.
• Each task has given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work
smoothly.
A Time-Sharing OS allows multiple users to access a system
simultaneously.
It divides the CPU time into small time slices and allocates them to
different tasks.
This ensures efficient resource usage and reduces idle time.
• Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but
the switches occur so frequently.
• Round Robin Scheduling to allocate CPU time to each user
process.
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Adv. and dis-adv. of TSOS
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS
Fast Response Time – Users don’t experience long delays.
Better CPU Utilization – No single task monopolizes resources.
Supports Multiple Users – Ideal for banking, universities, and cloud services.
Disadvantages
Complex Management – Requires efficient scheduling algorithms.
Security Risks – Multiple users sharing resources can lead to data security
concerns.
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM 27
A Network Operating System (NOS) is a specialized operating system designed
to manage network resources and services,
allowing multiple devices to connect and communicate with each other over a
network.
It provides a platform for running network services, such as file sharing, printer
sharing, email, and security management.
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ADV. AND DIS-ADV. OF NOS
Advantages of Network Operating System:
• Highly stable centralized servers
• Security concerns are handled through servers
• Server access are possible remotely from different locations and types of systems
Disadvantages of Network Operating System:
• Servers are costly
• User has to depend on central location for most operations
• Maintenance and updates are required regularly
• Server Dependency
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DISTRIBUTED OS
A distributed operating system (DOS) is a system that connects multiple
computers through a network to share resources and work together.
How it works
Each computer, or node, in a DOS has its own processor and memory.
The nodes communicate with each other using high-speed buses or
telephone lines.
The nodes can have their own operating systems, applications, and data.
The nodes work together as if they were one big system.
• Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU
• CALLED loosely coupled systems
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ADV. AND DIS-ADV. OF DOS
Advantages and of Distributed Operating System:
Failure of one will not affect the other network communication,
Load on host computer reduces
Delay in data processing reduces
Dis advantage
Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
To establish distributed systems the language which are used are not well
defined
not freely available as they are very expensive
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REAL-TIME OPERATING
SYSTEM
• time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small.
A Real-Time OS (RTOS) processes data in real time with minimal delay.
It is used in time-sensitive applications where response time is critical.
like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots etc.
There are two types:
o Hard RTOS: Strict deadlines (e.g., Airbag systems).
o Soft RTOS: Flexible deadlines (e.g., Multimedia streaming).
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ADV. AND DIS-ADV. OF RTOS
Advantage of real time operating system
Memory Allocation
Focus on Application
Task Shifting
Dis-Advantage of real time operating system
Limited Tasks
Use heavy system resources:
Complex Algorithms:
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Design issues
efficiency,
robustness,
flexibility,
portability,
security,
compatibility
Design issues 34
Efficiency
An OS allows the computer system resources to be used efficiently
Efficiency: Most I/O devices slow compared to main memory (and the
CPU)
▪ Use of multiprogramming allows for some processes to be waiting on I/O
while another process executes
▪ Often, I/O still cannot keep up with processor speed
▪ Swapping may use to bring in additional Ready processes
Design issues 35
Robustness
robustness is critical for ensuring that the OS can handle errors,
recover from failures, and continue functioning smoothly under various
conditions.
Robustness can encompass many areas , such as robust programming, robust
machine learning, and Robust Security Network.
Formal techniques, such as fuzz testing, are essential to showing robustness since
this type of testing involves invalid or unexpected inputs .
Portability 36
Portability is the ability of an application to run properly in a different platform to the
one it was designed for, with little or no modification.
Portability in high-level computer programming is the usability of the same software
in different environments.
When software with the same functionality is produced for several computing
platforms, portability is the key issue for development cost reduction.
Compatibility 37
Compatibility is the capacity for two systems to work together without
having to be altered to do so.
Compatible software applications use the same data formats.
Compatibility issues come up when users are using the same type of
software for a task, such as word processors, that cannot communicate
with each other.
This could be due to a difference in their versions or because they are
made by different companies.
Flexibility 38
Flexibility in the context of system and software design refers to the ability of
a system to adapt to changing requirements, configurations, or environments
without significant redesign.
•Configurable Settings: OS flexibility allows users and administrators to adjust settings like security
policies, system performance, and user permissions to suit different needs or preferences.
•Modular Architecture: A flexible OS can add or remove components, such as device drivers, file
systems, or network protocols, without affecting the entire system.
•Support for Multiple Hardware: Flexibility in the OS enables it to run on a variety of hardware
configurations, from personal computers to servers to embedded systems.
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QUESTION
T H AN
ASSIGNMENT
K YOU
