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Amplifiers

An amplifier is an electronic circuit that increases the amplitude of a signal waveform without altering its frequency or shape, and it is widely used in various electronic systems. Key parameters of amplifiers include gain, frequency response, input and output impedance, and feedback types (positive and negative). Amplifiers can be cascaded for higher gain, and they have specific bandwidths that define their operational effectiveness across different frequencies.

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2 views

Amplifiers

An amplifier is an electronic circuit that increases the amplitude of a signal waveform without altering its frequency or shape, and it is widely used in various electronic systems. Key parameters of amplifiers include gain, frequency response, input and output impedance, and feedback types (positive and negative). Amplifiers can be cascaded for higher gain, and they have specific bandwidths that define their operational effectiveness across different frequencies.

Uploaded by

clairmont taitt
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AMPLIFIERS

Prepared by: Clairmont Taitt


 Do you know what’s an Amplifier?

 say in your own words “what’s an


Amplifier?”
 have you ever use an Amplifier?

 If YES, what did you use it for?


What is an Amplifiers?

An amplifier is an electronic circuit used to increase the


amplitude of a signal waveform, without changing other
parameters of the waveform such as frequency or wave
shape.

They are one of the most commonly used circuits in


electronics and perform a variety of functions in many
electronic systems
Some types of Amplifiers

 Radio Frequency (RF) Amplifier  Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)

 Audio Frequency (AF) Amplifier  Differential Amplifier

 Intermediate Frequency (RF) Amplifier  Ultrasonic Amplifier

 Buffer Amplifier  Wideband Amplifier


Amplifier Parameters

Any amplifier is said to have certain parameters. These are the


particular properties that make the amplifier perform in a certain way,
and so make it suitable for a given task.

Gain

The gain of an amplifier is a measure of the "Amplification" of an


amplifier, i.e. how much it increases the amplitude of a signal. More
precisely it is the ratio of the output signal amplitude to the input
signal amplitude,
Voltage gain Av = Amplitude of output voltage ÷ Amplitude of
input voltage.

Current gain Ai = Amplitude of output current ÷ Amplitude of


input current.

Power gain Ap = Signal power out ÷ Signal power in.


Frequency Response

Amplifiers do not have the same gain at all frequencies.


For example, an amplifier designed for audio frequency
amplification will amplify signals with a frequency of less than
about 20kHz but will not amplify signals having higher
frequencies.

Frequency response can often be thought of


much like a filter, which can boost or attenuate
the input signal to alter the output signal.
FIG.2: Graph showing frequency response of an
audio frequency amplifier
Input Impedance

 Impedance is the opposition to AC current flow

 The input impedance of an amplifier is the


effective impedance between the input
terminals.

 impedance “seen” by the source driving


the input of the amplifier.
Output Impedance

The Output Impedance of an amplifier can be thought of as


being the impedance (or resistance) that the load sees
“looking back” into the amplifier when the input is zero.

output impedance can be given


as: ZOUT = VCE/IC.
Feedback

 Feedback is the process of taking a proportion of an amplifier’s


output signal and feeding it back into the input.
 can be arranged to either increase or decrease the input signal.

Types of Feedback

 POSITIVE FEEDBACK

 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Positive Feedback

 increases the input signal

 Feedback signal is in phase with


the input signal
 Increases the amplitude of the
input and hence the output signal,
FIG.3a: Diagram illustrating positive
 Effectively increasing the gain of feedback in amplifier

the amplifier. Note: Part of the output signal is fed back


at the positive ( non inverting) input
 increase Distortion and instability
Negative Feedback

 Reduces the input signal

 Feedback signal is out of phase


with the input signal

 Reduce distortion and noise FIG.3b: Diagram illustrating negative


feedback in amplifier
 Improve stability of gain
Note: Part of the output signal is fed
 This causes a reduction in gain back at the negative (inverting) input
Multi- Stage Amplifier

In order to achieve a higher gain than we can obtain


from a single stage, it is possible to cascade two or
more stages.
Amplifiers in cascade
amplifier has a particular frequency response, being a band
of frequencies where it provides adequate amplification, and
excluding frequencies above and below this band, where the
amplification is less than adequate
An important parameter of every amplifier is gain.
Explain what “gain” is, and write a simple equation
defining gain in terms of signal voltage.

s a step-up transformer an amplifier? Why or why


not?
At the heart of every amplifier is a device that uses one signal to control another. In
electronics, this means a device that uses a small voltage or current signal to control
a larger voltage or current.
The first electronic amplifying circuits were constructed with devices called electron
tubes instead of transistors. Tubes still find specialized applications in electronics,
but they have largely been replaced by transistors. Why is this? What advantages do
An important operational parameter of an amplifier is its bandwidth. Describe what
transistors have over tubes as amplifying devices?
“bandwidth” means in the general sense, and give an example of an amplifier
An application where
amplifier has a bandwidth is important.
voltage gain of 5 and a current gain of 75, both
figures being ratios. Calculate the following gains:
Power gain (as a ratio)
Power gain (dB)
Voltage gain (dB)
Current gain (dB)

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