Topic : Unit-V

Subject Code : HMMS18007

Subject Name : NUMERICAL METHODS
Delivered by : Prof.Dr.S.Kopperundevi
Numerical Differentiation and Integration

Newton’s forward difference formula to compute derivatives

𝑥 − 𝑥0
𝑢= , 𝑥= 𝑥 0 + 𝑢h
h

' 1
y ( x)   y 0 
2u  1 2
 y0 
(3u 2  6u  2) 3
 y0 
(4u 3  18u 2  22u  6) 4 
 y0  ...............
h 2! 3! 4! 

1  2 (6u 2  18u  11) 4 

  y 0  u  1 y 0 
" 3
y ( x)  2  y 0  ...............
h  12 

1  3 2u  3 4 
y "' ( x)    y 0   y 0  .......... .......... .......... .....
h3 2
Derivatives at x = x0 (i.e) u = 0

1 1 2 1 3 1 4 
y ' ( x0 )  y   y   y   y  .......... ....
h  
0 0 0 0
2 3 4

1  2 3 11 4 
y" ( x0 )  2   y 0   y 0   y 0  ...............
h  12 
1  3 3 4 
y" ' ( x0 )   y   y  .......... .......... .
h 3  
0 0
2
Newton’s backward difference formula to compute derivatives

1 
y ' ( x)   y n 
2 v  1 2 y n 
3v 2
 6 v  23 y n 
( 4v 3
 18v 2
 22v  6) 4 
 y n  .........
h 2 6 24 

1  2 3 ( 6v 2
 18v  11) 4 
y" ( x)  2   y n  (v  1) y n   y n  ............
h  12 

1  3 12v  18 4 
y" ' ( x)  3   y n   y n  .......... .
h 12
Derivatives at x = xn (i.e) v = 0

1 1 2 1 3 1 4 
y ' ( xn )  y   y   y   y  .........
h  
n n n n
2 3 4

1  2 3 11 4 
y" ( x n )  2   y n   y n  12  y n  ............
h

1  3 3 4 
y" ' ( x n )  3   y n   y n  ...........
h  2 
Central difference formula for computing the derivation at x = x0

11 1 3 3 1 5 5 
y ' ( x0 )   (y 0  y  1 )  ( y  1   y  2 )  ( y  2   y  3 )  .......
h2 12 60 

1  2 1 4 
y" ( x0 )  2   y  1  12  y  2  ................
h
1 1 3 3 
y" ' ( x0 )  3  2 (  y 1   y 2 )  .......... ..
h
Example 1:
Compute f’(0) and f’(4) , f”(4) from the data using newton’ s method .
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 2.718 7.381 20.086 54.598

Solution:

Here x0 = 0 & xn = 4

By Newton’s forward difference formula

y’(x) at x = x0 (i.e) x = 0
x y Δy Δ2y Δ3y Δ4y
0 1
1.718
1 2.718 2.945
4.663 5.097
2 7.381 8.042 8.668
12.705 13.765
3 20.086 21.807
34.512
4 54.598
 1 1 1 1 
f ' (0)  1.718  (2.945)  (5.097)  (8.668)
1 2 3 4 
= 1.718 – 1.4725 + 1.699 – 2.167
= - 0.2225
Derivatives at x = xn here xn = 4

1 1 1 1 
y ' ( x n )   y n  2 y n  3 y n  4 y n  .........
h 2 3 4 
 1 1 1 1 
f ' (4)   34.512  (21.807)  (13.765)  (8.668)  .........
1 2 3 4 

= 34.512 + 10.9035 + 4.5883 + 2.167

= 52.1708

1  2 3 11 4 
y" ( xn )  2   y n   y n   y n  .......... ..
h 12
1  11 
f " ( 4)  2  21.807  13.765  12 (8.668) 
1
= 43.5177
Example:
Given that
x: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
y: 7.989 8.403 8.781 9.129 9.451 9.750 10.031

Find dy d2y
& 2
at ( a ) x 1.1(b) x 1.6
dx dx
Solution:
 x y y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y 6 y


1.0 7.989
0.414
1.1 8.403 – 0.036
0.378 0.006
1.2 8.781 – 0.030 – 0.002
0.348 0.004 0.001
1.3 9.129 – 0.026 – 0.001 0.002
0.322 0.003 0.003
1.4 9.451 – 0.023 0.002
0.299 0.005
1.5 9.750 -0.018
0.281
1.6 10.031
 dy  1 1 1 1 1 1 
    y0  2 y0  3 y0  4 y0  5 y0  6 y0 ..............
 dx  x x0 h  2 3 4 5 6 

 d2y 1  11 5 137 6 
 2   2  2 y 0  3 y 0  4 y 0  . 5 y 0   y 0  ..............
 dx  x x0 h  12 6 180 

Here h = 0.1 , x0 = 1.1 ,

 dy  1  1 1 1 1 
    0 . 378  (  0 . 03)  ( 0 . 004 )  (  0 . 001)  ( 0 . 003)  3.952
 dx  x 1.1 0.1  2 3 4 5 

 d2y 1  11 5 
 2   2   0. 03  ( 0 . 004 )  (  0 . 001)  . ( 0 . 003)   3.74
 dx  x 1.1 ( 0 .1) 12 6 
 dy  1 1 2 1 3 1 4 
    y n   y n   y n   y n  .........
 dx  x xn h  2 3 4 

 d2y 1  2 3 11 4 
 
2 
 2 
 y n   y n   y n  .......... ..
 dx  x xn h  12

Here h = 0.1 , xn = 1.6

 dy  1  1 1 1 1 1 
    0.281  ( 0.018)  (0.05)  (0.002)  (0.003)  (0.002) 2.75
 dx  x 1.6 0.1  2 3 4 5 6 

 d2y 1  11 5 137 
 
2 
 2   0 .018  0 . 005  ( 0 . 002)  ( 0 . 003)  ( 0 . 002)   0.715
 dx  x 1.6 (0.1) 12 6 180 
Example:
The population of a certain town is given below.Find the rate of growth of the
population in 1931,1941,1961 and 1971.

Year (x) 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971

Population 40.62 60.80 79.95 103.56 132.65
in
thousands
(y)
Solution:

X Y Dy D2y D3y D4y

1931 40.62
20.18
1941 60.80 -1.03
19.15 5.49
1951 79.95 4.46 -4.47
23.61 1.02
1961 103.56 5.48
29.09
1971 132.65
Solution:

We use the same table for backward and forward differences.

To get f’(1931) and f’(1941) we use forward formula.

x0 = 1931,x1 = 1941,………….

x  x0 1931  1931
u  0
h 10

 dy   dy  1  1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 
     y 0   y 0   y 0   y 0   y 0   y 0 ..............
dx dx h
  x 1931   u 0  2 3 4 5 6

1  1 1 1 
  20.18  ( 1.03)  (5.49)  ( 4.47)
10  2 3 4 
1
 20.18  0.515  1.83  1.1175
10
2.36425
If x = 1941,
x  x0 1941  1931
u  1
h 10
Putting u = 1 in

dy 1 
  y0 
2u  1 2
 y0 
(3u 2  6u  2) 3
 y0 
(4u 3  18u 2  22u  6) 4 
 y0  ...............
dx h  2! 3! 4! 

We get

 dy  1  1 1 1 
  u 1   20.18  ( 1.03)  (5.49)  ( 4.47)
 dx  10  2 6 12 
1
 20.18  0.515  0.915  0.3725
10
1.83775
Note:
If we neglect the data against 1931 and take 1941 as x0 we have

y 0 19.15, 2 y 0 4.46, 3 y 0 1.02

Now using,
 dy   dy  1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 
     y   y   y   y   y   y .......... ....
  x 1941  dx  u 0 h  
0 0 0 0 0 0
dx 2 3 4 5 6

1 1 1 
 19.15  4.46 (1.02)
10  2 3 
1.7260
To get f’(1971),we use the formula,

 dy  1 1 2 1 3 1 4 
   y   y   y   y  .........
 dx  x xn h  
n n n n
2 3 4

 dy  1  1 1 1 
    29.09  (5.48)  (1.02)  ( 4.47)  .........
 dx  x 1971 10  2 3 4 
 dy  1
   (31.0525) 3.10525
 dx  1971 10
To get f’(1961),we use

x  xn 1961  1971
v   1
h 10
 dy   dy  1 2v  1 2 3v 2  6v  2 3 
     
 ny   y n   y n  .............
  1961  dx  v  1 h 
dx 2 6  v  1
1  1 1 1 
  29.09  5.48 (1.02)  ( 4.47)
10  2 6 12 
1
 29.09  2.74  0.17  0.3725
10
2.65525
Example:
Find the first and second derivative of the function tabulated below at x = 0.6

x 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

y 1.5836 1.7974 2.0442 2.3275 2.6511

Solution:
Since x = 0.6 is in the middle of the table, we will use stirling’s formula.
X y Dy D2y D3y D4y
0.4 1.5836
0.2138
0.5 1.7974 0.0330
0.2468 0.0035
0.6 2.0442 0.0365 0.0003
0.2833 0.0038
0.7 2.3275 0.0403
0.3236
0.8 2.6511
By stirling’s formula,

 dy  11 1 3 3 1 5 5 
   ( y  y )  (  y   y )  (  y   y )  .......
 dx  x x0 h  2 
0 1 1 2 2 3
12 60

1 1 1 
 ( 0 .2833  0 .2468)  ( 0. 0038  0 . 0035)
0.1  2 12 
 dy 
  100.26505  0.0006083
 dx  x 0.6
2.64442
 d2y 1  2 1 4 
 2   2   y 1   y 2  .......... ...
 dx  x x 0 h 12
 d2y 1  1 
 2    0 . 0365  ( 0 . 0003)  .......... ...
 dx  x 0.6 ( 0 . 01) 12
3.6475
Example:
Obtain the value of f’(0.04) using Bessel’s formula given the table below.

x 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

f(x) 0.1023 0.1047 0.1071 0.1096 0.1122 0.1148

Solution:

Since x = 0.04 is in the middle of the table we use central difference formula

and in Bessel’s formula.

We form the central difference table.

 x u y Dy D2y D3y D4y D5y

0.01 -3 0.1023
0.0024
0.02 -2 0.1047 0.0
0.0024 0.0001
-
0.03 -1 0.1071 0.0001 0.0001
0.0025 0.0 0.0
-
0.04 0 0.1096 0.0001 0.0001
-
0.0026 0.0001
0.05 1 0.1122 0.0
0.0026
0.06 2 0.1148
Since
x  x0 x  0.04
u 
h 0.01

Taking x0 = 0.04 as the origin

y 0 0.1096, y 0 0.0026, y  1 0.0025, y  2 0.0024

  1
u  u   u  1
1 1 u (u  1) 2

y ( x0  uh)  ( y 0  y1 )   u   y 0 
2 2 4
 
 y  1  2 y 0  
2
6
3 y  1 

u  1u (u  1)(u  2) 4 y  4 y
 
2 1
48
  2 1 
 3 u  3 u  
1 2u  1 2 
y ' ( x)   y 0 
h 4
 2
 y  1   y0  

6
2   y  1  .....................
3


 
 
1  1 1 1 
y ' ( x0 )  0 . 0026  ( 0  0. 0001)  (  0 .0001 )  (  0 . 0001 )
0.01  4 12 24 
1
 24 0.0026  0.0006  0.0003
0.24
f ' (0.04) 0.25625
Numerical Integration:
Trapezoidal Rule:
x0 nh
h
 y ( x)dx  y0  y n  2( y1  y 2  ........  y n 1 )
x0
2
Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule:
x0  nh
h
 y ( x)dx  y 0  y n  4( y1  y3  ........)  2( y 2  y 4  ........)
x0
3

Simpson’s 3/8 th rule:

x0 nh
3h
x y( x)dx  8 y0  yn  3( y1  y2  y4  ........)  2( y3  y6  y9  ........)
0
 
Example:
Evaluate sin xdx by dividing the range into 10 equal parts using trapezoidal
0 rule, Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule, Simpson’s 3/8 th rule and verify
your answer with actual integration.

Solution:

 0 
h 
10 10
x 0  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
y 0 0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1 0.9511 0.8090 0.5878 0.3090 0
 Trapezoidal Rule:
x0  nh
h
 y ( x)dx  y0  yn  2( y1  y2  ........  yn  1 )
x0
2

 10 0  0 2(0.3090  0.5878  0.8090  0.9511  1  0.9511  0.8090  0.5878  0.3090)
2

 
20
1.9817(nearly )
 Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule:
x0 nh
h
 y ( x)dx  y0  y n  4( y1  y3  ........)  2( y 2  y 4  ........)
x0
3

 10 0  0 2(0.5878  0.9511  0.9511  0.5878)  4(0.3090  0.8090  1  0.8090  0.3090)
3

 
30
2.0001(nearly )
 Simpson’s 3/8 th rule:
x0 nh
3h
 y ( x)dx  y0  y n  3( y1  y 2  y 4  ........)  2( y3  y6  y9  ........)
x0
8
3
 10 0  0  3(0.3090  0.5878  0.9511  1  0.8090  0.5878)  2(0.8090  0.9511  0.3090)
8
3
  
80

Actual integration:


sin xdx  cos x


 cos   (  cos 0)
0 0

 cos   cos 0  (  1)  1 1  1 2

Therefore Simpson’s rule is more accurate than Trapezoidal rule.

Example:
6
Evaluate dx by using (i) Trapezoidal Rule (ii)Simpson’s rule, Also checkup

0
1  x 2
the results with actual integration.

Solution:
Range = 6 – 0 = 6
Dividing the range into 6 equal parts

b a 6 0
h  1
n 6
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1.0(y0) 0.5(y1) 0.2(y2) 0.1(y3) 0.058824(y4) 0.038462(y5) 0.027027(y6)
f ( x) 
1 x2
Trapezoidal Rule:
x0  nh
h
 y ( x ) dx  y 0  y n  2( y1  y 2  ........  y n 1 )
x0
2
1
 1  0.027027  2(0.5  0.2  0.1  0.058824  0.038462)
2
1.41079950
Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule:
6
dx h
 2
 y 0  y n  4( y1  y3  ........)  2( y 2  y 4  ........)
0
1 x 3
1
 1  0.027027  2(0.2  0.058824)  4(0.5  0.1  0.038462)
3
1
 1.027027  0.517648  2.553848
3
1.36617433
 Simpson’s 3/8 th rule:
6
dx 3h
 2
 y0  y n  3( y1  y 2  y 4  ........)  2( y3  y6  y9  ........)
0
1 x 8
3
 1  0.027027  3(0.5  0.2  0.058824  0.038462)  2(0.1)
8
1.35708188

Actual integration:

6
dx
0 1  x 2 
 tan 1
( 
x ) 0
6
 tan 1
6  tan 1
0  tan 1
6  0  tan 1
6 1.40564765

Here the value by trapezoidal rule is closer to the actual value than the value
by simpson’s rule.
Home work: .
1
dx using Trapezoidal rule with h = 0.2.Hence obtain an
Evaluate 1  x 2 approximate value of 
0

6
dx by using (i) Trapezoidal Rule (ii)Simpson’s rule,Also checkup
Evaluate 
1 x the results with actual integration.
0
Gaussian Quatrature:
Two point Gaussian quatrature formula
We change the limit of the given integral
b

f ( x)dx
a
to (-1,-1) by using the transformation

 a b   b  a 
x    t
 2   2 
b 1
(i.e) f ( x)dx  f (t )dt 1 f (t1 )   2 f (t 2 )
a 1

where1  2 1
1 1
t1  , t 2 
3 3
1
1 1
(i.e) f (t )dt  f ( )  f ( )
1 3 3
Three point Gaussian quatrature formula:
Here we change the limit (a,b) as (-1,1) by using the transformation

ba b a
x    t
 2   2 
b 1
then f ( x)dx f (t )dt  A1 f (t1 )  A2 f (t 2 )  A3 f (t 3 )
a 1

whereA1  A3 0.5555
A2 0.8888
t1   0.7745, t 2 0, t 3 0.7745
Example: 1
dx
Evaluate

1
1 x 2 by using Gaussian two point formula.

Solution:
Here there is no need to use the transformation because the limit of the given
integral is already (-1,1)
By directly applying Gaussian two point formula

f (t )dt 
1
1 f (t1 )   2 f (t 2 )
where1  2 1
1 1
t1  , t2 
3 3
1
Heref (t ) 
1 t 2
1 1 1 1 1 3
f( )    
3  1 
2
1 3 1 4 4
1    1 
3 3 3
 3
1
dx  1  1

1
1 x 2
f 

 3

  f ( 
3
)

3 3 6 3
   
4 4 4 2
 Example:

2
Evaluate sin xdx
0
by using Gaussian two point formula.

Solution:

Here a = 0,b =
2
Transformation x to t as
Here
 
f (t ) sin  (1  t ) 
4 
 1   1 
f   sin  (1  ) 
 3 4 3 
   3 1   
sin     sin  1.5773
4 3  4 
  
sin 0.7854 (1.5773) 
sin(1.23881142) 0.9454
 1   1 
f ( ) sin   1   
3  4 3 
   3  1  
sin     sin  0.4227 
4
  3   4 
sin 0.7854 0.4227 
sin( 0.33198858) 0.3259

2
  1   1 
Therefore sin xdx   f    f    
0
4  3  3 
  1   1 
  f    f    
4  3  3 

 0.9454  0.3259
4
0.7854 1.2713 0.99848
Example: 5
dx
Use Gaussian three point formula evaluate

1
x
Solution:
Here a=1 ,b = 5

 ba  b a
x    t
 2   2 
 5 1   5  1 
   t
 2   2 
6 4
  t
2 2
x 3  2t
dx 2dt
5 1 1
dx 2dt dt

1
x
 
1
3  2t
2 
1
3  2t
2 A1 f (t1 )  A2 f (t 2 )  A3 f (t 3 )
20.5555 f (0.7745)  0.8888 f (0)  0.5555 f ( 0.7745)

1
f (t ) 
3  2t
1 1
f (t1 )  f (0.7745)   0.21983
3  2(0.7745) 4.549
1 1
f (t 2 )  f ( 0.7745)   0.68918
3  2( 0.7745) 1.451
1 1
f (0)   0.3333
30 3
 5
dx
Therefore  20.5555(0.21983)  0.8888(0.3333)  0.5555(0.68918)
1
x
20.12212  0.29626  0.38284
20.80122 1.60244.
Example:
2 2
x  2x 1
Evaluate

0
1  ( x  1) 4
dx by using Gaussian Three Point formula.

Solution:
Given a = 0 , b = 2
Transformation

 ba  b a
x    t
 2   2 
 20  2 0
   t
 2   2 
2 2
  t
2 2
x 1  t
dx dt
2
x 2  2x 1
1
1  t   2(1  t )  1 dt
2


0
1  ( x  1) 4
dx  
1
1  (1  t  1) 4

1
t 2  1  2t  2  2t  1
 4
dt
1
1  (t  2)
 A1 f (t1 )  A2 f (t 2 )  A3 f (t 3 )
0.5555 f (0.7745)  0.8888 f (0)  0.5555 f (  0.7745)
t 2  4t  4
f (t ) 
1  (t  2) 4
004 4 4 4
f ( 0)  4
 4
  0.23529
1  ( 0  2) 1 2 1  16 17
(0.7745) 2  4(0.7745)  4 7.69785
f (0.7745)  4
 0.12775
1  (0.7745  2) 60.2569
(  0.7745) 2  4(  0.7745)  4 1.50185
f (  0.7745)  4
 0.46132
1  (  0.7745  2) 3.25555
2
x 2  2x 1
 4
dx 0.5555(0.12775)  0.8888(0.23529)  0.5555(0.46132)
0
1  ( x  1)
0.07097  0.20913  0.25626
0.53636

Double integrals using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s(both 1/3rd and 3/8th rule)

Trapezoidal Rule:

I = hk/4[(Sum of the four corner values)+2(sum of the values of f at the

remaining nodes on the boundary)+4(sum of the values of f at the inner
nodes)]
Simpson’s rule:

I = hk/9[(sum of the values of f at the four corners)+2(sum of the values of f at

the odd positions on the boundary except the corners)+4(sum of the values of f

at the even positions on the boundary except the corners)+{4(sum of the

values of f at odd positions)+8(sum of values of f at even positions)on the odd

rows of the matrix except the boundary row}+{8(sum of the values of f at odd

positions)+16(sum of the values of f at even positions)on the even rows of the

matrix except the boundary row}

Example: 22
Evaluate dxdy by using Trapezoidal rule numerically with h = 0.2

11
2
x y 2 along x-direction and k = 0.25 along y direction.

Solution:

x 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

y
1 0.5 0.4098 0.3378 0.2809 0.2359 0.2

1.25 0.3902 0.3331 0.2839 0.2426 0.2082 0.1798

1.5 0.3077 0.2710 0.2375 0.2079 0.1821 0.16

1.75 0.2462 0.2221 0.1991 0.1779 0.1587 0.1416

2 0.2 0.1838 0.1679 0.1524 0.1381 0.125

 Trapezoidal rule:
I = hk/4[(Sum of the four corner values)+2(sum of the values of f at the
remaining nodes on the boundary)+4(sum of the values of f at the inner
nodes)]

 0.5  0.2  0.125  0.2 

 2(0.4098  0.3378  0.2809  0.2359  0.1798  0.16  
dxdy  (0.2)(0.25)   
2 2


1 1
x 2
 y 2

 4
  0.1416  0.1381  0.1524  0.1679  0.1838  0.2462  0.3077  0.3902)  
 
 4 ( 0 . 3331  0. 2839  0 . 2426  0 . 2082  0 .1821  0 . 2079  0 . 2375  0 . 2710  
 0.2221  0.1991  0.1779  0.1587) 
0.01251.025  6.6642  10.8964
0.0125 18.5856
0.23232
Example:
1.4 2.4
dxdy using Trapezoidal rule and simpson’s rule and verify your
Evaluate 
1 2 xy result by actual integration.

Solution:
Divide the range of x and y into 4 equal parts

b  a 2.4  2 0.4
h   0.1
n 4 4
1 .4  1 0 .4
k  0.1
4 4
1
f ( x, y ) 
xy
 y
x 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
1 0.5 0.4762 0.4545 0.4348 0.4167
1.1 0.4545 0.4329 0.4132 0.3953 0.3788
1.2 0.4167 0.3968 0.3788 0.3623 0.3472
1.3 0.3846 0.3663 0.3497 0.3344 0.3205
1.4 0.3571 0.3401 0.3247 0.3106 0.2976

Trapezoidal rule:
I = hk/4[(Sum of the four corner values)+2(sum of the values of f at the
remaining nodes on the boundary)+4(sum of the values of f at the inner
nodes)]
  0.5  0.4167  0.2976  0.3571 
1.42.4  
dxdy (0.1)(0.1)  2(0.4762  0.4545  0.4348  0.3788  0.3472  0.3205  

1 2
xy

4  0.3106  0.3247  0.3401  0.3846  0.4167  0.4545)  
 
 4 ( 0. 4329  0 . 4132  0 . 3953  0. 3968  0 . 3788  0 . 3623  0 . 3663  0 . 3497  0 . 3344 ) 
0.01
 1.5714  9.2864  13.7188 0.0614
4

Simpson’s rule:
I = hk/9[(sum of the values of f at the four corners)+2(sum of the
values of f at the odd positions on the boundary except the
corners)+4(sum of the values of f at the even positions on the
boundary except the corners)+{4(sum of the values of f at odd
positions)+8(sum of values of f at even positions)on the odd rows
of the matrix except the boundary row}+{8(sum of the values of f
at odd positions)+16(sum of the values of f at even positions)on
the even rows of the matrix except the boundary row}
 y x 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

1 0.5 0.4762 0.4545 0.4348 0.4167

1.1 0.4545 0.4329 0.4132 0.3953 0.3788

1.2 0.4167 0.3968 0.3788 0.3623 0.3472

1.3 0.3846 0.3663 0.3497 0.3344 0.3205

1.4 0.3571 0.3401 0.3247 0.3106 0.2976

  0.5  0.4167  0.2976  0.3571 2(0.4167  0.4545  0.3472  0.3247)  
1.4 2.4  
dxdy (0.1)(0.1)  4(0.4545  0.4762  0.4348  0.3788  0.3205  0.3106  0.3401  0.3846)

1 2
xy

9  4(0.3788)  8(0.3968  0.3623)  8(0.3497  0.4132)  
 
16(0.4329  0.3953  0.3344  0.3663) 
0.01
 (52.2116) 0.0613
9
Actual Integration:
1.4 2.4
dxdy 1
1.4
 2 .4 1 
     dx  dy
xy y  
1 2 1  2 x 
1 .4 1 .4
1 1
  log x  dy   log 2.4  log 2 dy
2.4

1
y 2 1
y
1 .4
1
log( 2.4)  log 2  dy
1
y
log( 2.4)  log 2 (log y )1
1.4

log( 2.4)  log 2 (log 1.4  log 1)

log( 2.4)  log 2 (log 1.4)
 2.4 
 log  (log 1.4)
 2 
log(1.2) log(1.4) 0.3365 0.1823 0.0613