CELL DIVISION
PRESENTED BY:
PRIYADARSANI SAHOO
M.SC NURSING 1st YEAR
SPECIALITY PSYCHIATRY
ROLL NO- 01
INTRODUCTION
Human body is made up large number of cell . Though cells differ from each other, but
their basic characteristics are alike. In our body older cells are broken down and
replaced with new ones, to allow growth and repair of human body . This process is
known as cell division. Our body replace billions of cells everyday to make us keep
going.
CELL DIVISION
Definition : “cell division is the process by which a
living cell proliferates from one cell to two or more
cells. The cells before cell division are called
mother cells, and the new cells formed after
division are called daughter cells. Generally it
includes two steps; nuclear division and
cytokinesis”.
Types : 1. somatic cell division
2. reproductive cell division
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
RENEWING OF DAMAGED CELL
PRODUCTION OF NEW CELLS FROM OLDER ONES
Maintains the total number of chromosomes
Repair and control damages cause to the cell
HELPS IN SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF LIVING
ORGANISM
THE FORMATION OF GAMETES FOR SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL
SOMATIC CELL DIVISION
The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events in which a
somatic cell delicates its contents and divides in two Human
cells, such as those in the brain, stomach, kidneys contain 23
pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. One member of each
pair is inherits from each parent. The two chromosomes that
make up each pair are called homologous chromosomes or
homologs, they contain similar genes arranged in the same (or
almost the same) order.
The exception to this role is one pair of sex chromosomes,
designated X & Y. In females the homologous pair of sex
chromosomes consists of two large X chromosomes. In
males the pair consists of an X and a much smaller Y
chromosome.
Because somatic cells contain two sets of chromosomes
they re called diploid (2n) cells.
When a cell reproduces, it must replicate all its
chromosomes to pass its genes to the next generation of
cells. The cell cycle consists of two major periods,
interphase (the growth and development phase of a cell
after birth) when a cell is not dividing and the mitotic
phase, when a cell is dividing.
GROWTH PHASE /G1 PHASE
• Cell size increases.
• Replication of organelles. Chromos
ome
ribosom
e
Chromosome nucleus
Nucleus om
ribosome chromos
• Protein synthesis .
S PHASE
1) Chromosome number will be same but DNA content will be double .
2) DNA replication.
3) Centrosome replication .
G2 PHASE
1. More protein synthesis .
2. Mitochondria and chloroplast replicate .
3. Cell completely ready to go to mitotic phase
MITOSIS
• The mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle, which
results in the formation of two identical cells,
consists of a nuclear division and cytoplasmic
division, to form two indentical cells.
• It occurs in different stages as follows :
Prophase
During this Phase;
1. The development of the mitotic spindles-The nucleoli
disappears
2. The chromatin condenses into chromosome.
3. The nuclear envelope breaks down and the mitotic
spindle fibers is formed .
• Each chromosome is converted into two
chromatids.
Nuclear membrane is disappeared
completely.
The metaphase plate a plane lying between
two poles of the spindle.
Chromatids are pulled tightly by their
attached microtubules to the centre of the
cell to form equatorial plate (metaphase
plate).
the centromeres split, separating the two
members of each chromatid pair, which move
towards opposite poles of the cell.
Once separated the chromatids are termed
chromosomes.
They appear V shaped because the
centrosomes lead the way dragging the
trailing arms of the chromosomes towards the
pole.
All 46 pairs of chromatid are separated
forming two separate sets of daughter
TELOPHASE
TELOPHASE :
chromosomal movement stops.
The identical sets of chromosomes, now at
opposite poles of the cell, uncoil .
A nuclear envelope forms around each
chromatin mass .
mitotic spindle breaks up.
CYTOKINESIS :
Division of cell’s cytoplasm and organelles
into two identical cells is called cytokinesis. *
.
The ring constrict the centre of the cell,
pinching the cells in two.
REPRODUCTIVE CELL DIVISION
The reproductive cell division that occur in the gonads
produces gametes in which the number of
chromosomes is reduced by half as a result, gametes
contain a single set of 23 chromosomes and thus are
haploid (n) cells. Fertilization restores the diploid
number of chromosomes.
Meiosis occurs in two stages :
Meiosis – I (Reduction division)
Meiosis – II (Mitotic division
K
COMPARISON BETWEEN
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
CONCLUSION
The cells in our body are highly intelligent. They
know when to duplicate themselves and when
to rest stop dividing altogether. This duplication
occurs for many reasons but mainly it is to
replace old cells. The primary concern of cell
division is the maintenance of the original cell’s
genome. Before division can occur, the genetic
information that is stored in chromosomes must
be replicated, and the duplicated genome must
be cleanly divided between progeny cells.
ASSIGNMENT
What do you mean by cell division ? Listout the importance of
cell division. Describe the mitosis phase with proper diagram.
EVALUATION
1. What are the importance of cell division?
2. Which phase of cell cycle is known as growth
phase?
3. How many chromosomes are in human body?
4. Define reproductive cell division?
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) TortoraGerard J., Derrickson Bryan. (2011). Principles of Anatomy
and Physiology. 13th edition, Jhonwiley & Sons Publishers, Page
No. 85-93.
2) Joshi Vijaya D., NandedkarAshalata N, Mendhurwar Sadhana S.
(2012). Anatomy & Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare. 2nd
edition. Wolters Kluwer Health Publishers. Page No. 33-37.
3) Vageriya Vipin(2017), Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses and Allied
Health Sciences. 1st edition,EMMESS Publications. Page No. 18-24
4) PR Ashalta Textbook of Anatomy for B.Sc.Nursing students. 2nd
edition Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
5) Chhipa Mukeshkumar (2022) Textbook of Applied Anatomy &
Physiology, 1st edition Jain Brothers Publications.
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