Data Communication & Computer

Networks

Introduction
Henok S

1.1
 Outline
 Data communication
 purpose
 Networking,Internet standard and
protocol
 Network Edge and core
 protocol layering
 Service models
1.2
 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
•Data refers to information presented in whatever
form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using
the data. = like .doc, .ppt, .pdf, .exe, and etc
•Communication: refers to the process of
exchanging/sharing data between devices(Local and
long).
•Data communications: are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.
1.3
 Contd...
Driving factors
• Unlimited information transfer demand
• Emerging new technologies 
• Increased data transfer rate
• Opportunity for new applications and
services
E.g., Internet, video conferencing, ATM
bank service
1.4
 Contd...
Components of data
communication

1.5
Contd...
Components of data
communication
1.Message (text, image, audio,
video):Information to be communicated

2. Sender:– the device that generates the

information(computer, workstation, telephone,
camera etc.)

3.Receiver:the devices that receives the message

1.6
Contd...
Components of data
communication
4. Transmission Medium:The physical path by
which a message travels from sender to
receiver(twisted-pair, optical fiber, coaxial cable,
radio waves)
5. Protocol: set of rules that govern data
communication. Defines what is communicated,
1.7
Contd....
Effective Characteristics of Data
Communication
•Delivery (intended Receiver ): the system must
deliver data to the correct destination
•Accuracy (unchanged data): The system must deliver
the data accurately
•Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely
manner
•1.8Jitter (uneven delay in audio/video streaming): the
Contd...
Data representation:
 Information in data communication can be in
form of binary, text, image, video, audio, etc.
 A binary digit (bit) has only two values, 0 and 1
 Text, image, audio, etc. are represented as a
sequence of bits
 E.g., Unicode-32 uses 32 bits to represent a symbol
or character and American Standard Code for
1.9
 Contd...
Data Transmission Modes (Ways)
 The way of data transfer is called transmission
mode.Communication between two devices can
be:
 Simplex
 Half-duplex and

 Full-duplex

1.10
Contd...
Data Transmission Modes (Ways)

1.11
 Contd...
Data Transmission Modes (Ways)
 Simplex :unidirectional communication(Ex. Data
transmission from computer to monitor)
 Only one device can send data and other can

receive
 No signal is needed in the other direction
 E.g., TV and radio broadcasting, satellite
communication, GPS tracking systems

1.12
Contd...
Data Transmission Modes (Ways)
 Half Duplex:bidirectional communication is possible,
but only in one direction at a time (Ex. Data
transmission through Walkie-talkie)
 Full Duplex : both communicating devices can
transmit and receive
simultaneously
1.13
 Either the link must contain two physically separate
  A network is a set
1-2 Computer of devices (often referred to as
NETWORKS
nodes) connected by communication links. A node can
be a computer, printer, or any other device capable
of sending and/or receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network.
 Computer networks: A system of interconnected
computing devices
 Facilitate communications
 Allows sharing of information and service e.g., resource, file
1.14
 The Uses of a Computer Network
 Simultaneous access to data  Personal communication

 Data files are shared

 Email

Instantaneous communication
 Shared files stored on a
 Conferencing
server

Tele conferencing
 Software can be shared 
Videoconferencing
 Shared peripheral device 
Audio-conferencing
 Printers and faxes are 
Data-conferencing

common shares
 Voice over IP

Phone communication over network wires
 Reduces the cost per user
1.15 
 NETWORKS

Network Criteria
•Performance:
 Transit time (device to device)
 Response time (enquiry to response)
 Throughput/Bandwidth: of a channel is the number of bits it can transfer per second
 Delay: is the time that elapses between sending information and the earliest possible
reception of it
•Reliability: Frequency of failure, Time to recover
•Security: Unauthorized Access, Protecting Data
1.16
Contd...
Classification based on:
 Types of connections: point-to-point and
multipoint
 Topology
 Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh
 Geographic scope
 Local area network, Personal area network,
metropolitan area network and Wide area
network
 Medium used to transport the data
1.17
 Wired and Wireless
 Contd...
Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
1.point to point

Provides a dedicated link between two devices. The

link carries traffic only between the two devices

1.18
 Contd...
Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
2.Multipoint

 If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a

spatially shared connection. If users must take turns, it is a
1.19 timeshared connection.
Contd...
Physical Topology
 It refers to the way how the network is laid out physically.
 Geometric representation of the relationship of all the links
and linking devices
 Contd...
Physical
Pros:
Topology:Mesh
 High speed, Little network failure
 Data will always be delivered
 Privacy and Security
 Fault isolation
 Fault identification
Cons:
 Lots of cable: no. of links = n(n-1)/2 for
duplex mode
 No. of I/O ports
 Hard to setup (installation)
 Costing
Eg:- Internet is a Mesh Network
1.21
 Contd...
Physical Topology:Star
 All devices connect to a central device (usually a hub)
 Packets sent to hub
 Hub sends packet to destination

Advantages
 Easy to setup
 One cable can not crash network

Disadvantages
 One hub crashing downs entire network (Single point of dependency)
 Uses lots of cable

1.22
 Contd...
Physical Topology:Bus
 Nodes are connected to backbone using taps
 One of the first topologies used in the early local area
network
 Also called linear bus

 One wire connects all nodes

 Terminator ends the wires

 Advantages

Easy to setup(installation)

Small amount of wire
 Disadvantages

Slow

Easy to crash

Reconnection, signal reflection

1.23
 Contd...
Physical
 Nodes connected in a circle
Topology:Ring
 Each device has a point to pointconnection with the two
devices in either side of it
 The data travel in circular fashion from one device to another
 Each device incorporate a repeater
 Advantages
 Time to send data is known/Uni-directional
 No data collisions
 Disadvantages
 Slow
 Lots of cable

1.24
 Contd...
Physical
Topology:Hybrid
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.25
Contd...
Geographic scope:LAN
 LAN
 Privately owned for office, home, buildings etc.
 limited to few kms.
 resource sharing
 generally one type of transmission medium
 speed
Example: Ethernet (CSMA/CD), Local Talk (CSMA/CA) , Wireless
LAN

1.26
Contd...
Geographic scope:WAN
WAN
 Wide area network(WAN) covers a large geographic areas
(long distance)
 it has a wider geographical span- a town, a state, a country
and even the world
 Not owned by any one organization rather a distributed
ownership
 Use very expensive network equipment and advanced
1.27
 Network Edge and Network core

What Is Network Edge?

 An edge device is one that serves as an entry point to an organization or service
provider’s network core.
 It is the boundary of a network, the point where end users and their devices connect
to the network infrastructure.
 The network edge is a crucial security boundary that network administrators must
provide solutions for.

1.28
 Network Edge and Network core?

What Is Network Core?

 The network core refers to the components that provide services to
those at the edge.
 This includes facilities that are often within data centers like servers
and those within the data link layer.

1.29
Networking Devices
 Repeater
 A repeater receives a signal and regenerates the original bit pattern
 Length limitation of LAN – signal becomes weaker as it travels
 Extend the physical length of a LAN
 Location of repeater on a link is important – must be placed so that the
signal reaches it before any noise change the meaning of any bits
 Operates only in physical layer of OSI reference model

1.30
Networking Devices
Hubs
Hub takes the input data from one of the ports and broadcast the information to
all other ports connected to the network
 Operates in physical layer of OSI model
Example- multi-tier hub design

1.31
Networking Devices
Switches
• Devices that forward data packets within a local network
• It operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model, primarily
using MAC addresses (Media Access Control addresses) to make
forwarding decisions.
• Unlike hubs, which broadcast data to all connected devices, switches
intelligently forward data only to the intended recipient.

1.32
Networking Devices
A Bridge
A Bridge regeneratesA Bridge regenerates the signal it receives + check the
destination addresses (physical address)
 the signal it receives + check the destination addresses (physical address)
 Performs a “filtering” function
 Has a map that matches address to ports
 Operates in both physical and data link layer

1.33
Networking Devices
Router:
 A router transmits packets of data between two different networks.
 They are responsible for routing data packets between different
networks.
 They determine the best path for data to travel based on IP addresses.
 They connect different networks, whether those are LANs, WANs, or
the internet.

1.34
Networking Devices
Router:
 This traffic includes the content of websites as well as
communications like video chat, email, and Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) transmissions. R
 Routers direct traffic on the internet, sending it from one point to
another, allowing different edge devices to communicate with each
other.

1.35
Networking Devices
Firewall:
 A firewall controls the data that is allowed to enter and exit a network
infrastructure according to predefined rules.
 Firewalls inspect data packets, looking for anything that raises suspicion,
then discard any packets containing potential threats.
 Firewalls are a primary line of defense at the network edge, keeping threats
from entering or exiting.

1.36
Networking Devices
 Servers:
 Powerful computers that store and deliver data
 Web Servers: These servers host websites and deliver
web pages to users.
 File Servers: These servers store and manage files,
allowing users to access and share them over a
network.
 Database Servers: These servers store and manage
1.37
 1-3 THE INTERNET
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our

daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as

well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet
is a communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our
use.

1.38
 1-3 THE INTERNET

What is internet ?
 A global system of interconnected computer networks
(connecting million of devices in the world )
 Made up of many networks joined by connecting
devices and switching station
 A network of networks for information sharing and
communication.

1.39 The infrastructure enabling global digital connectivity.
 1-3 THE INTERNET

How it works?

1.40
 1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

 Protocols (rules): defines the rules that both the

sender, receiver and all intermediate devices need to
follow to be able to communicate effectively
 When communication is simple, we may need a
simple protocol But, for complex communication we
may need to divide the task between different layers
 What to communicate, how to communicate and
1.41
 1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

Key Elements of Protocols

1. Syntax: Structure or format of data i.e. the order in
which they are presented.
2. Semantics: Meaning of each section of bits
3. Timing : When to send and how fast..

1.42
 1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

 Standards: provides guidelines to manufacturers, vendors,

government agencies, and other service providers to ensure
the kind ofinterconnectivity necessary in today's marketplace
and in international communications.
 Facilitate interconnectivity and interoperability between
different communication hardware and software
 Essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive
market for equipment manufacturers
1.43
 1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

 Guaranteeing national & international interoperability

of data & telecommunication technology & process.
 Examples of standard creation organizations
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
 International Telecommunication (ITU)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

1.44
 1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

Categories of Standards
1. De facto.
By convention or by fact. Not approved by an organized body.

2. De jure.
By Law or by Government. Approved by an organized body.

1.45
 Layering Protocol
 Protocol Layering
 Protocol layering enable us to divide a complex tax
into several smaller and simpler tasks
 Breaks down communication tasks into manageable
subtasks (layers) and defines their interrelationships
 A well-constructed layered model enables complex
systems to be specified, designed and implemented
 Layered Tasks
An example from the everyday life

Hierarchy?
Services
 Why layered communication?
 To reduce complexity of communication task by
splitting it into several layered small tasks
 Functionality of the layers can be changed as long as
the service provided to the layer above stays
unchanged
 makes easier maintenance & updating
 Each layer has its own task
Network Models
 Two models have been devised to define computer
network operation:
 Open system interconnection (OSI) reference
model
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol(TCP/IP)
Network Models
OSI Reference model
 It is a 7 layer
 International standard organization (ISO) established a
commitee in 1977 to develop an architecture for
computer communicaton.
 The reference model for Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) was accepted as an international standard for
communications architecture in 1984.
Network Models
OSI Reference model
 It is a collection of protocols that, irrespective of their
underlying architecture, enable communication
between any two distinct systems.
 Demonstrate how to enable communication between
various systems without requiring modifications to the
underlying hardware and software logic

Network Models
OSI Reference model
 Additionally, the model aids in problem-solving by
offering a framework of reference that explains how
components should operate.
 The OSI reference model breaks the problem of
transmitting data via a network medium between
computers into SEVEN smaller, easier-to-manage
issues.This division into smaller, easier-to-manage
Network Models
OSI Reference model
 The following lists the general advantages of the OSI
Reference model.
 Effectively differentiates between the interfaces, services, and
protocol.
 OSI model are very well hidden
 Reduces complexity: Software development, design, and
troubleshooting are made simpler by breaking up the network
Network Models
OSI Reference model
 Makes modular/modification engineering easier: It keeps
modifications to one layer from impacting other layers.
 Ensures interoperable technology: It permits communication
between various kinds of network hardware and software. It
is useful for comparing fundamental functional links across
various networks.
Network Models
OSI Reference model

Accelerates evolution:- Standardization of network
components allows multiple-vendor development.

Quick troubleshooting: Enable network administrators to
troubleshoot issues more quickly and effectivelly by looking
in layer that is causing issue rather than finding it entire
network.

Simplifies teaching and learning:- We can understand new
Network Models
OSI Reference model
Demerits of OSI reference model:
 Model was devised before the invention of protocols.
 Fitting of protocols is tedious task.
 It is just used as a reference model.
Network Models
Seven layers of the OSI model
Network Models
Seven layers of the OSI model
Network Models
Exchange using OSI Model
Network Models
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
Network Models
Issues, to be resolved by the layers
 Naming
 Larger bandwidth at lower  Congestion control
cost  Mobility
 Routing
 Error correction  Fragmentation
 Flow control
 Security
 ....
 Addressing
 Multiplexing
Network Models
The TCP/IP Reference Model:
The TCP/IP Reference Model:Transmission Control Protocol
and Internet Protocol is known as TCP/IP.
 It was created as a component of a network interface research
effort to link distant devices by the Department of Defense's effort
Research Agency (ARPANET, subsequently DARPA).
 During the research, the following characteristics stood out and
helped create the TCP/IP reference model: - Support for a flexible
architecture.
 It was simple to add extra machines to a network. The network
Network Models
The TCP/IP Reference Model
Network Models
An Overview of TCP/IP Layer
Functions:Application layer
 Application layer: The OSI model's application, presentation,
and session layers are all combined into a single application
layer by the TCP/IP model.
 All tasks carried out by the OSI model's upper layers are handled
by the application layer in the TCP/IP paradigm.
 High level protocols, such as data presentation, compression, and
dialog control, are handled by the application layer.
Network Models
An Overview of TCP/IP Layer Functions: Application
layer
 The specifications of this model describe a lot of applications
that were at the top of the protocol stack. Some of them were
TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS
 TELNET: allows connecting to a remote machine and run applications on it.
 FTP(File Transfer Protocol): allows File transfer amongst computer users connected
over a network. It is reliable, simple and efficient.
 SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol): used to transport electronic mail between a
source and destination, directed via a route.
 DNS(Domain Name Server): resolves an IP address into a textual address for Hosts
Network Models
An Overview of TCP/IP Layer Functions:Transport
layer:
 TCP protocol is used for reliable data delivery.
 Flow control and error correction methods are used for
guaranteed data delivery.
 It decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or
single path. Functions such as multiplexing, segmenting or
splitting on the data
 The applications can read and write to the transport layer.
 Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so
Network Models
An Overview of TCP/IP Layer
Functions:Internet layer
 Internet layer: Choosing a packet switching network that relies
on a connectionless network layer is known as an internet
layer, and it offers all of the features that the network layer
does according to the OSI model.

It is in charge of determining the datagram packet's correct path.
 It facilitates the packet's autonomous journey to its destination.
Network Models
An Overview of TCP/IP Layer Functions:Host-to-
network Layer
 A lowest layer and also called network access layer
 It deals with LAN and WAN protocols and all the functionality
provided by
 physical and data link layer in OSI model.
 Protocol is used to connect to the host, so that the packets can be
sent over it.
 Varies from host to host and network to network.
Network Models
Similarties between OSI and TCP / IP
Reference Models
Network Models
Similarties betweenOSI and TCP /IP
Reference Models
 In both models, protocols are defined in a layered
manner. Data is divided into packets, and each packet
may take an individual route from the source to the
destination.
Network Models
Differences between OSI and TCP / IP

Reference Models
OSI TCP/IP
It is a generic that is based up on It is a protocol oriented standard
the functionalities of each layer
Distingush the three concpets It doesn’t have a clear destiniction
namely services,interface and b/n these three.
protocols (where services are a set
of operations and interface is a
way to implement them)
Gives guidelines on how protocols layout standards on which
communications needs to be done) the internet was developed. so it is
more practical model
The model was developed first and the protocol was developed first
then the protocols in each layer and then the model was developed