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01 Light and Matter

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01 Light and Matter

Uploaded by

JohnLarcile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3

Atomic Structure

Light & Matter


History of the Atom
 How do we know what we know?
 Years of experimentation
 Constantly changing as new
evidence becomes available.
 To understand the electron and
bonding we must first study wave
function and energy.
Nature’s Fireworks

 Collisions between high speed electrons and molecules


produce molecular ions.
 Other times energy is absorbed by particles, then reemitted
as visible light.
– Different elements emit different colors of light.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic radiation is any form of radiant


energy in the electromagnetic spectrum.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Describing waves
 Wavelength and
frequency are
inversely related.
(c = 2.998 × 108 m/s)

𝑐
𝑣= What is the Unit of Frequency?
𝜆
Calculate the frequency of blue light
with a wavelength of 484nm.
Important Unit Conversions
1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m
 1Msec = 1 x 106 sec
 1 km = 1 x 103 m
 1 cm = 1 x 10-2 m
Calculate the wavelength of a Radio Wave
emitted by KIIS FM: υ =102.7Mhz
Spectrum of Sunlight
 The spectrum of sunlight is actually not continuous
because it contains a series of very narrow dark lines
(Fraunhofer lines).
Atomic Spectra of Hydrogen

Emission Spectra

Absorption Spectra

 The bright lines in emission spectra and the dark


lines in absorption spectra of elements correspond
to each other.
In 1900
 Matter and energy were seen as different
from each other in fundamental ways.
 Matter was particles.
 Energy could come in waves, with any
frequency.
 But….if NRG is simply a wave, how can
the photoelectric effect be explained???
Photoelectric Effect
 When light is
shown on a metal
surface, electrons
are ejected from
the surface of a
metal only above a
certain threshold
frequency.
Photons of Energy
 Max Planck proposed that objects emit
electromagnetic energy in integral multiples

ν = frequency of radiation
of an elementary unit (quantum).

= 6.626 × 10–34 J ∙ s (Planck constant)


h𝑐
𝐸=h𝑣 𝐸=
𝜆
the work done by a force of
one newton acting through
a distance of one meter.
Sample : Calculating the Energy of a Photon
What is the energy of a photon of light from the largest
quantum dot, the one with a wavelength of 640 nm? What
is the energy of one mole of those photons?
The Photoelectric Effect

Electrons are emitted from a metal surface when it is


illuminated by and absorbed by electromagnetic radiation
that exceeds the threshold frequency (νo).
Work Function

 The minimum amount of energy required to


eject an electron from a material.
Practice
 The work function of silver is 7.59 x 10 -19J.
What is the longest wavelength (in nm) that can
eject a photoelectron from the surface of a piece
of silver?
The wavelength of the radiation used to cook food
in a microwave oven is 1.20cm. What is the
energy of one photon of this microwave radiation?

Now Two More Equations……..


Einstein
 Einstein suggested that a beam of light is
also a steam of particles called photons.
 Each photon has energy = hn
E
(photon) = hc/l
 Combining this concept with the theory of
relativity, E = mc2
 You get the apparent mass of a single
photon of NRG. (WHAT?---NRG has Mass)
m = h / (lc)
(photon)
 Mass must be in Kg not g! (Why?)
Matter as a wave
 Photon travel at the speed of light but not
everything does.
 So we use velocity v instead of the speed (c)
we get …..
 De Broglie’s equation l = h/mv
 From this we can calculate the wavelength of
any object.
 Mass must be in Kg in order to cancel units!
Matter as a Particle/Wave
 Large Matter (baseball) = particulate
 Small Matter (photon) = Wavelike
 Medium Matter (electron) = Both
More Practice
 The
laser light of a CD is 7.80 x 102 m.
What is the frequency of this light?

 What is the energy of a photon of this light?


 What is the apparent mass of a photon of
this light?

 Whatis the energy of a mole of these


photons?

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