Theories of Management
By: Jeff Koch Todd Devenburgh Kate McDermott
Scientific Management
Scientific
management is a method in management theory that determines changes to improve labor productivity. The idea was first coined by Frederick Winslow Taylor in The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Developed
the theories of Scientific Management His innovations in industrial engineering, particularly in time and motion studies, paid off in dramatic improvements in productivity.
Theory of Scientific Management
Careful
specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. Tasks are standardized as much as possible. Workers are rewarded and punished This approach worked well for organizations with assembly lines and other mechanistic activities
Criticism of Scientific Management
That
humans are not inherently alike. What might be the most efficient way for one person may not be for someone else. Ignores the fact that economic interest are different for management and employees.
Operations Management
Henri
Fayol is described as the father of operations management Proposed five functions of management
Planning Organizing Commanding Coordinating
Controlling
Difference between Henri Fayol and Frederick Winslow Taylor
Taylor viewed management processes from the bottom up, while Fayol viewed it from the top down. Fayol wrote that "Taylor's approach differs from the one we have outlined in that he examines the firm from the "bottom up." he starts with the most elemental units of activity -- the workers' actions -then studies the effects of their actions on productivity, devises new methods for making them more efficient, and applies what he learns at lower levels to the hierarchy.
14 Principles of Management
Division of Work Authority Discipline Unity of control Unity of Direction Subordination of individual interest Remuneration Centralization Scalar chain (Line of Authority) Order Equity Stability of Tenure of Personnel Initiative Esprit de Corps
Application of the 14 Principles
Change
and Organization Decision-making Skills can be used to improve the effectiveness of a manager Understanding the management can be seen as a variety of activities which can be listed and grouped
Behavioral Approach to Management
Focused
on Human beings and their individual rights after the following were observed:
Arose
low
productivity lack of modern machinery limited horsepower availability anachronistic trade union practices poor management
Human Relations Theory
Focused
on motivation and employee
care
Found
if employees were satisfied with their work, they were more apt to perform better
1880-1949 Conducted Hawthorne Studies
Mayos Conclusions
Work The
is a group activity
social work of an adult is based on their work experiences need recognition, security, and a sense of belonging
Workers
Mayos Conclusions, Cont.
A complaint is usually due to an employees dissatisfaction with his or her status A workers attitude is shaped from forces inside and outside of the work environment Informal groups in the workplace improve employees attitudes and productivity
Mayos Conclusions, Cont.
The
change from an established society at home to an adaptive society at work can create disturbances in the workforce work must be planned and implemented
Group
Human Resources Theory
Focused
on how an employee viewed their position and work experiences.
Found
that managers ways of managing largely contributed to how an employee viewed their work.
1906 1964 Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X
Average human being dislikes work:
Most employees must be controlled and threatened before they will perform to the expectations Humans like to be directed, dislikes responsibility, and wants job security This lead to most organizations using tough management
Bad form of management because the employee needs the opportunity to fulfill their goals This led employees to dislike their work
Theory Y
Physical and mental effort at work are very natural Employees will be proactive if they are committed to the company and if the job is satisfying Most employees learn to seek out responsibility Imagination, creativity, and ingenuity can be used to solve work problems Employees are not used to their full capacity
Conclusions on Theory X and Y
These
two theories are impractical at the workforce and are very different suggested that managers look at the theories to start their view of management
McGregor
MBO
MBO=Management by Objectives
Top management teams along with employees together define the company goals and direction that the company is going. 3 Key components
Specific, achievable, measurable, realistic, time-specific Goals are not unilateral within management Managers give objective feedback
MBO
Popularized
by Peter Drucker in 1954. Management by objectives works if you know the objectives. Ninety percent of the time you dont.-Peter F. Drucker
MBO
Works
well within the U.S. culture, but often fails in others due to different styles in management
Ex.
French because of their high power distance
MBO
Works
well because all levels are involved in achieving the ultimate goal
Path-Goal Theory
Developed
Remove
by Robert House
obstacles Clarify the path to the goal Offer rewards
4 Types of Leaders
Achievement Oriented Leader sets high goals High performance levels Confident in expectations being met
Directive
Tells
them how to perform tasks What is expected
Types of Leader (cont.)
Participative Consults with others before making decisions Uses others suggestions to make the final decision
Supportive
Approachable Friendly
Needed
when the follower lacks confidence
Questions
