SINGLE PHASE
AC CIRCUITS
UNIT-II
PRESENTED BY: ANKIT, NAMANN, KARTIK,
SHIVANG, PRASHANT, PUSHPIT, VANSH
MODULE CONTENT
• Generation of single phase AC
• Graphical, Magnitude and Mathematical form representation
of single phase AC
• Analysis of single phase AC Circuit
• Compnents of single phase AC
• Series AC circuits, Parallel AC circuits and combination of
Series and Parallel AC circuits
GENERATION OF SINGLE PHASE AC
• Principle of generation of single phase AC
Generation of single phase AC is based on the principle that if
a Relative motion is provided to set of conductors in uniform
magnetic field then it leads to generation of an alternating EMF
which is given by
BASIC TERMS
• Circuit
• Alternating Current(AC)
• AC cycle
• Frequency
• Phase difference
• Leading and Lagging phase
EMF
EQUATION
OF SINGLE
PHASE AC
REPRESENTATION OF SINGLE PHASE AC
There are three type of representations:
• Graphical form
• Magnitude form
• Mathematical form
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
This representation further has two types
• Wave form
• Phasor form
MAGNITUDE FORM
It has for factors :
• Instantaneous Value
• Peak or Maximum Value
• Average Value
• RMS value (Root Mean Square)
INSTANTANEOUS VALUE
The instantaneous value is magnitude at any given
moment in time. In a sinusoidal AC, it
varies smoothly, peaking and dipping in a wave-
like manner. The point where the curve is at that
exact moment represents the instantaneous value
of the current. Instantaneous value of current is given by
i=imsinωt
AMPLITUDE FORM
• It is the maximum positive or maximum negative value
attained in a half cycle of AC. It is often called peak value
AVERAGE VALUE FORM
• This form represents the average value of single phase AC
• Average value is generally counted for half cycle because the
average value over the full cycle of sine wave is always zero
• For half cycle its value is 0.637 times the peak value i.e.
RMS VALUE (ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE)
• It is the universally accepted method of representing the
alternating quantities
• It is the value of AC which, when transferred through a
resistor of known value produce same value of heat which
will be produced by passing DC through same duration of
time
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
This representation can further be classified into three
types:
• Rectangular form
• Trigonometric form
• Polar form
RECTANGULAR FORM
• In this form we will discuss about constant
component and fluctuating component of single
phase AC.
• This form can be represented by following
expression
TRIGONOMETRIC FORM
• In this form quantities are expressed in the form of there
parallel and perpendicular components
• This form can be represented by the following expression
POLAR FORM
• In this form the quantities are expressed in terms of their
magnitude and phase angle
• This form can be represented by the following expression
PHASOR ALGEBRA
• Phasor algebra simplifies analyzing AC circuits by co
nverting sinusoidal functions into complex numbers.
• This makes solving equations involving AC currents a
nd voltages more straightforward and efficient.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION USING PHASOR
ALGEBRA
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION USING
PHASOR ALGEBRA
• These operations are performed when the data is in polar
form
• In case of multiplication, Magnitudes are multiplied and
phase angles are added
• In case of division, magnitudes are divided and phase angles
are subtracted
PHASOR CONVERSION
Mainly we study two types of phasor
conversions
• Rectangular form to Polar form
• Polar form to Rectangular form
RECTANGULAR TO POLAR
FORM
POLAR TO RECTANGULAR FORM
ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUITS AT RLC
LOADING
In this section we will study few different type of component
combinations in AC circuits as:
• Purely resistive circuit
• Purely inductive circuit
• Purely capacitive circuit
• RL circuit
• RC circuit
• RLC circuit
PURELY RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
• In this type of circuit a resistor is connected with an AC source
• Voltage supplied form AC source is
V …..(1)
• Current is I=Imsinωt…..(2)
• On comparing equation (1) and (2)
current I and voltage V are in same phase when purely resistive load
is connected across AC supply
• Hence, ϕ = phase angle = 0
Power dissipated in case
of purely resistive circuit
is
P=IRMSVRMS
PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
• This type of circuit contains an inductor conned with AC
supply
• Voltage supplied form AC source is
V …..(1)
• Current is I=Imsin(ωt-…..(2)
• On comparing equation (1) and (2)
V leads from I by phase of 900
•POWER DISSIPATED IN CASE OF
PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT IS
P=0
PURELY CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
• It is a type of single phase AC circuit in which a capacitor is
connected to AC source
• Voltage supplied form AC source is
V …..(1)
• Current is I=Imsin(ωt+…..(2)
• On comparing equation (1) and (2)
V lags from I by phase of 900
RC CIRCUIT
An RC circuit consists of a
resistor (R) and a capacitor
(C) connected in series or
parallel with a voltage or
Time
currentConstant
source (τ):
The time constant of
an RC circuit is given
by: τ=R×C
Charging and Discharging: In an RC
circuit, when a capacitor is connected to a
power supply, it charges up over time.
The voltage across the capacitor
increases exponentially until it reaches
the supply voltage. When the supply is
RL CIRCUIT
• An RL circuit consists of a
resistor (R) and an inductor
(L) connected in series or
parallel with
•Current and aVoltage
voltage or
current source
Response: In an RL circuit, Time Constant (τ):
inductors resist changes in The time constant for
•so the current takes time to an RL circuit is given
current,
build up or decay when the by: τ=L\R
circuit is switched on or off.
•This behavior is similar to how
capacitors behave in RC
circuits, but it is applied to
RLC CIRCUIT
An RLC circuit consists of a
resistor (R), inductor (L),
and capacitor (C) connected
in series or parallel
Resonance: The most
important feature of an RLC
circuit is its resonant
frequency, where the Natural Frequency: The
inductive reactance and resonant frequency (or
capacitive
Damping:reactance
Depending cancel natural frequency) of a
each other
on the out.of R, L,
values series RLC circuit is given
and C, the oscillations by:
in the circuit can be f0=1/2π ROOT LC
under-damped,
over-damped, or
RESONANCE IN AC CIRCUIT
• when the inductive reactance (XL) and capacitive reactance
(XC) are equal in magnitude
TYPES OF 3 PHASE SYSTEM
BALANCED 3 PHASE SYSTEM
A three-phase power
system is called balanced
or symmetrical if the
three-phase voltages and
currents have the same
amplitude and are phase
shifted by 120° with
respect to each other . If
either or both of these
conditions are not met,
the system is called
unbalanced or
PHASOR DIGRAM AND GRAPH OF
BALANCED 3 PHASE AC
PHASE SEQUENCE
INTERCONNECTION OF THE
PHASES
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINE VOLTAGE
AND PHASE VOLTAGE IN A BLANCED STAR
3 PHASE SYSTEM
DELTA OR MESS CONNECTION
POWER IN 3 PHASE BALANCED CIRCUIT
UNBALANCED 3 PHASE
SYSTEM
• An unbalanced system is caused by two possible situations:1.
The source voltages are not equal in magnitude and/or differ
in phase by angles that are unequal, or2. load impedances
are unequal
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF UNBALANCED 3
PHASE SYSTEM
UNBALANCED 3 PHASE STAR SYSTEM
3-PHASE UNBALANCED DELTA LOAD
THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
• BY USING 3 WATTMETER METHOD
• BY USING 2 WATTMETER METHOD
• BY USING 1 WATTMETER METHOD
WATTMETER
• ELECTRODYNAMO TYPE --- AC AND DC
• INDUCTION TYPE -- AC
WATTMETER
CC-VERY LESS RESISTIVE (0.1-
1)Ω
IDEALLY---- (0Ω)
S/C
PC– HIGHLY RESISTIVE
3 WATTMETER METHOD
USED FOR BALANCED AND
UNBALANCED LOAD
• STAR CONNECTION 3-ⲫ , 4 WIRE
3-ⲫ,3 WIRE
W1= CC*PC = IrVrn
W2= CC*PC =
IyV3=
W yn CC*PC =
3 WATTMETER METHOD
DELTA
CONNECTION
TWO WATTMETER METHOD FOR BALANCED AND
UNBALANCED LOAD
Now balanced line voltages
are Vry , Vyb & Vbr &
IR, IY & IB are line current or
phase currents.
Now total Power
P=W1+W2
Wattmeter W1 reads = cc * PC
W1=IR * VRB
=IR * (VRn – VBn)
W1=IRVRn – IRVBn--------(1)
Wattmeter W2 reads = cc * PC
W2 = IY * VYB
= IY * (Vyn-VBn)
NET POWER
P3. ⲫ = W1 + W2
= (iR * Vyn – iR * VBn) + (iY * Vyn * VBn)
P3ⲫ = iRVRn + iYVYn – VBn (iR+iY)
Now we know that
iR+iY+iB = 0
iR+iY = iB
Now
P3. ⲫ = iRVRn+iYVYn+iBVBn
TWO WATTMETER METHOD FOR
BALANCED LOAD/LAGGING LOAD
• Balanced load = Z1 =Z2 = Z3=Z
NOW READING OF WATTMETER
W1 = CC*PC
= iR*vRB
W1 = IR * VRB*Cosⲫ1
Here ⲫ1 is the angle between
Now
IR & VRB
W2 = cc * PC
= iY * VYB
W2 = IY * VrB * Cosⲫ2
Now Total Power in 3ⲫ circuit
P3ⲫ = W1+W2
P3ⲫ = IRVRBCosⲫ1 + VYBCosⲫ2
• Now for balanced supply & Balanced
load
• |VRY| = |VYB|=VL
•&
• |IR|=|IR|=|IB|=IL
• So that
• P3. ⲫ= VLILCosⲫ1+VLILCosⲫ2
• By using phasor diagram
• ⲫ1 = 30-ⲫ
• ⲫ2 = 30+ⲫ
• P3-ⲫ=VLIL[Cos(30-ⲫ)+Cos(30+ⲫ)]
• P3-ⲫ=√3 VLILCosⲫ
• W1+W2=√3 VLILCosⲫ------(1)
W1 – W2 = VLILSINⲪ----(2)
• W1 – w2 = vlilsinⲫ----(2)
• Divide equation 2 from equation 1,
• We get ,tanⲫ= √3 (W1-W2)/W1+W2
ONE WATT METER METHOD
ONLY USED FOR BALANCED CONNECTION i.e
STAR CONNECTION
COMPARISON BETWEEN SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE
SYSTEM
THANK YOU
