Module 1: Introduction to IOT

1. What is IOT ?
2. Genesis of IOT
3. Characteristics of IOT

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2 What is IOT ?
 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the digitally connected universe of
smart devices. These devices are embedded with internet connectivity,
sensors and other hardware that allow communication and control via
the web.
 The basic premise and goal of IoT is to “connect the unconnected”
 IOT is a technology transition in computer network:
 That allows us to sense and control the physical world by making objects
smarter and connecting them through network.
 Automated systems and connected devices work together to provide a world
where data can be collected and analysed.

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4 Genesis of IOT
 The term "Internet of things" was likely coined by Kevin Ashton of
Procter & Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999.
 In the twentieth century, computers were brains without senses—they
only knew what we told them.” IoT is changing this paradigm; in the
twenty-first century, computers are sensing things for themselves! –
Kevin Ashton

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5 Characteristics of IOT
 Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all
the things of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud. After connecting the
IoT devices, it needs a high speed messaging between the devices and cloud to
enable reliable, secure and bi-directional communication.
 Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time
analyzing the data collected and use them to build effective business
intelligence. If we have a good insight into data gathered from all these things,
then we call our system has a smart system.
 Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user
experience as well.
 Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the
use of data. For example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have going
to end, then the coffee machine itself order the coffee beans of your choice
from the retailer.

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 Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any
change in the environment and report on their status. IoT technology brings
passive networks to active networks. Without sensors, there could not hold an
effective or true IoT environment.
 Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology, product, or services
to active engagement between each other.
 Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint management of all
the IoT system otherwise, it makes the complete failure of the system. For
example, if a coffee machine itself order the coffee beans when it goes to end but
what happens when it orders the beans from a retailer and we are not present at
home for a few days, it leads to the failure of the IoT system. So, there must be a
need for endpoint management.

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 Advantages of IoT
• Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way that
how each device work we definitely increase the efficient resource utilization as
well as monitor natural resources.
• Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and communicate with
each other and do lot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort.
• Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time. Time
is the primary factor which can save through IoT platform.
• Enhance Data Collection:
• Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are
interconnected then we can make the system more secure and efficient.

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 Disadvantages of IoT
• Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and communicate over
networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures, and it
can lead the various kinds of network attacks.
• Privacy: Even without the active participation of the user, the IoT system
provides substantial personal data in maximum detail.
• Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large
technology to IoT system is quite complicated.

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9 IOT Applications
 Connected intelligent buildings
 Smart cities and transportation
 Education
 Consumer electronics
 Health
 Automotive
 Agriculture and environment
 Smart Connectivity
 Manufacturing
 Shopping

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IoT- Next Generation Automated

World
 IOT Enabling Technologies
 IOT Revolution
 Benefits of IOT
 IOT and Robotic Work Automation
 Future of IOT

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11 IoT Enabling Technologies
 Wireless Sensor Network
 Cloud Computing
 Big Data Analytics
 Communications Protocols
 Embedded System

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 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
 A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor
the environmental and physical conditions.
 A wireless sensor network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators.
 End nodes have several sensors attached to them where the data is passed to
a coordinator with the help of routers.
 The coordinator also acts as the gateway that connects WSN to the internet.
 Example –
 Weather monitoring system
 Indoor air quality monitoring system
 Soil moisture monitoring system
 Surveillance system
 Health monitoring system

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 Characteristics of WSN:

 Fault Tolerance – Fault tolerance is the ability of the network to work even when there
is a break due to sensor node failures.
 Mobility of Nodes – Nodes can be moved anywhere within the sensor field in order to
increase the efficiency of the network.
 Scalability – WSN is designed in such a way that it can have thousands of nodes in a
network.
 Feedback in case of Communication Failure – If a particular node fails to exchange
data over the network, it informs the base station immediately without any delay.

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 Cloud Computing
 It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over the
internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
 It is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”)
to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.
 With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like
databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the internet.
 Characteristics –
 Broad network access
 On demand self-services
 Rapid scalability
 Measured service
 Pay-per-use

 Provides different services, such as –

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 IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)

 Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as physical machines,
virtual machines, servers, networking, and storage and data center space on a pay
per use basis.
 Major IaaS providers are Google Compute Engine, Amazon Web Services and
Microsoft Azure etc.
 Ex : Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.

 PaaS (Platform as a service)

 Provides a cloud-based environment with a very little thing required to support the
complete life cycle of building and delivering web based (cloud) applications –
without the cost and complexity of buying and managing underlying hardware,
software provisioning and hosting.
 Platforms as a service remove the need for organizations to manage the underlying
infrastructure (usually hardware and operating systems) and allow you to focus on
the deployment and management of your applicationsc. Basically, it provides a
platform to develop applications.
 Ex : App Cloud, Google app engine

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 SaaS (Software as a service)

 It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service.
 Software as a Service provides you with a completed product that is run and
managed by the service provider.
 SaaS Applications are sometimes called web-based software on demand software or
hosted software.
 SaaS applications run on a SaaS provider’s service and they manage security
availability and performance.
 Ex : Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.

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  Big Data Analytics
 It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of data whose
19 volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to store, control, process and examine
the data using traditional databases.
 Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network videos, digital images,
sensors and sales transaction records.
 Lifecycle stages of Big Data Analytics:
• Stage 1 - Business case evaluation - The Big Data analytics lifecycle begins with a business case, which
defines the reason and goal behind the analysis.
• Stage 2 - Identification of data - Here, a broad variety of data sources are identified.
• Stage 3 - Data filtering - All of the identified data from the previous stage is filtered here to remove
corrupt data.
• Stage 4 - Data extraction - Data that is not compatible with the tool is extracted and then transformed
into a compatible form.
• Stage 5 - Data aggregation - In this stage, data with the same fields across different datasets are
integrated.
• Stage 6 - Data analysis - Data is evaluated using analytical and statistical tools to discover useful
information.
• Stage 7 - Visualization of data - With tools like Tableau, Power BI, and QlikView, Big Data analysts can
produce graphic visualizations of the analysis.
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• Stage 8 - Final analysis result - This is the last step of the Big Data analytics lifecycle, where the final
results of the analysis are made available to business stakeholders who will take action.
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 Big Data Analytics Tools
• Hadoop - helps in storing and analyzing data
• MongoDB - used on datasets that change frequently
• Talend - used for data integration and management
• Cassandra - a distributed database used to handle chunks of data
• Spark - used for real-time processing and analyzing large amounts of data
• STORM - an open-source real-time computational system
• Kafka - a distributed streaming platform that is used for fault-tolerant storage

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 Big Data Industry Applications
• Ecommerce - Predicting customer trends and optimizing prices are a few of the ways e-
commerce uses Big Data analytics
• Marketing - Big Data analytics helps to drive high ROI marketing campaigns, which result in
improved sales
• Education - Used to develop new and improve existing courses based on market requirements
• Healthcare - With the help of a patient’s medical history, Big Data analytics is used to predict
how likely they are to have health issues
• Media and entertainment - Used to understand the demand of shows, movies, songs, and more
to deliver a personalized recommendation list to its users
• Banking - Customer income and spending patterns help to predict the likelihood of choosing
various banking offers, like loans and credit cards
• Telecommunications - Used to forecast network capacity and improve customer experience
• Government - Big Data analytics helps governments in law enforcement, among other things

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 Communications Protocols
 They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and
linking to applications.
 Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network.
 Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single communication.
 A group of protocols designed to work together is known as a protocol suite;
when implemented in software they are a protocol stack.
 They are used in
 Data encoding
 Addressing schemes

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24  The type of IoT protocol you’ll need depends on the system architecture layer that the data will travel
in. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model provides a map of the various layers that send and
receive data. Each IoT protocol in the IoT system architecture enables device-to-device, device-to-
gateway, gateway-to-data center, or gateway-to-cloud communication, as well as communication
between data centers.
Application layer: The application layer serves as the interface between the user and the device within
a given IoT protocol.
 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)
 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
 Data Distribution Service (DDS)
 Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

Transport layer: In any IoT protocol, the transport layer enables and safeguards the communication of
the data as it travels between layers.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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 Network layer: The network layer of an IoT protocol helps individual devices communicate with the
25 router.
 IP
 6LoWPAN
 Data link layer
 IEEE 802.15.4
 LPWAN

Physical layer: The physical layer is the communication channel between devices within a specific
environment.
 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
 Ethernet
 Long-term evolution (LTE)
 Near field communication (NFC)
 Power Line Communication (PLC)
 Radio frequency identification (RFID)
 Wi-Fi/802.11
 Z-Wave
 Zigbee
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 Embedded Systems
 It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks either as an
independent system or as a part of a large system
 It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units (Ethernet Wi-Fi
adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and storage devices (flash memory).
 It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
 Embedded systems examples
• Digital cameras.
• Digital wristwatches.
• MP3 players.
• Appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines, and microwave ovens.
• Temperature measurement systems.
• Calculators.

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27 An embedded system is a combination of three major components:
o Hardware: Hardware is physically used component that is physically connected with an
embedded system. It comprises of microcontroller based integrated circuit, power supply, LCD
display etc.
o Application software: Application software allows the user to perform varieties of application
to be run on an embedded system by changing the code installed in an embedded system.
o Real Time Operating system (RTOS): RTOS supervises the way an embedded system work. It
act as an interface between hardware and application software which supervises the application
software and provide mechanism to let the processor run on the basis of scheduling for
controlling the effect of latencies

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28 IoT Revolution
 It refers to how a combination of internet-connected technologies are
integrating with our physical lives, blurring the boundaries between the
physical world and the digital world
 It forms a significant part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

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 • The number of global IoT connections grew by 8% in 2021 to 12.2 billion active endpoints
29 In 2022, the market for the Internet of Things is expected to grow 18% to 14.4 billion
active connections. It is expected that by 2025, as supply constraints ease and growth
further accelerates, there will be approximately 27 billion connected IoT devices.

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Major segments which will get the IoT impact are:

 Healthcare
 Manufacturing
 Transportation
 Analytics and Cloud Computing
 Smart Home

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31 Benefits of IOT

1. Improved productivity of staff and reduced human labor

2. Efficient operation management

3. Better use of resources and assets

4. Cost-effective operation

5. Improved work safety

6. Thorough marketing and business development

7. Improved customer service and retention

8. Better business opportunities

9. More trustworthy image of the company 31

32 Real World Applications of IoT
 Healthcare
 Industrial use
 Smart Homes
 Smart City
 Agriculture
 Smart Supply Chain
 Retail Purpose
 Transportation
 Smart Grid
 Wearables

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IoT and Robotic Work Automation

 Internet of Things + Robotics = Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT)

 IoT: Sensing, connectivity, communication, intelligent processing, self-
learning, and scalability
 Robotics: Sensing, control, processing, acting and interacting, and
motion
 But robots are limited in functions and they need IoT for intelligent and
collaborative thinking.

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Features of IoRT
 Sensing/ Perception
 Computation
 Connection/ Communication
 Actuation
 Control

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Applications of IoRT
 Autonomous Supply Chain, which includes Maintenance, Manufacturing,
Automated E-Commerce, and Precision Agriculture
 Healthcare, which includes Patient Care, Patient Monitoring, Surgery,
and Process Automation
 Personal Robots, which includes Telepresence Robots and Smart Homes
 Physical Security and Monitoring, which includes Robot Guards, Disaster
Management, and Military applications
 Automated Vehicles

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36 Future of IoT
 10 predictions for future of IoT:
 The major growth of IoT
 Self-driving and smart cars market
 The growth of consumer IoT
 The rise of IoT clothing
 The rise in smart home devices
 The rise in smart cities
 The rise in cyber criminals
 Artificial intelligence is the next big thing
 Scope for new awesome inventions
 The growth of IoT will be boosted by 5G networks

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 It is expected that developments in 5G, artificial intelligence, and
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advanced analytics will take the industry to new levels

 Adoption of 5G Networks Across Major Wireless Carriers and Resulting Advances in

IoT Devices
 Improvements in Smart Cars and Better Road Safety
 Smart Cities on the Rise with Government Adoption of IoT
 Business Adoption of IoT
 Advances in Artificial Intelligence for Advanced Insights
 Edge Computing Advances to Process Data Locally
 The Coming of Massive IoT

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