APEX INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING

OPERATING SYSTEM
Faculty: Ms. Anudeep Kaur(E16380)

Lecture 2 DISCOVER . LEARN .

EMPOWER 1
 Table of Contents
Types of Operating System
• Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)
• MultiProcessing Operating Systems
• Multiprogramming Operating Systems
• Distributed Operating Systems
• Multitasking Operating Systems
• Network Operating Systems
• Batch Operating Systems
• Time Sharing Operating Systems
 COURSE OUTCOME
CO1 Remember and understand fundamental functions of operating system.

CO2 Understand Process and Disk scheduling algorithms and apply the best scheduling
algorithm for a given problem instance.

CO3 Apply an algorithm for process scheduling, deadlock avoidance and file management.

CO4 Identify and analyze memory management techniques and apply them for memory
management related problems.

CO5 Analyze the performance of process management, resource management and

deadlock management techniques and apply the best methods for a given problem
instance.
 UNIT-1 SYLLABUS
Unit-1 Contact Hours: 15 HOURS

Operating System Introduction to Operating Systems, Operating System Structure, Main Functions and
characteristics of Operating Systems, Types of Operating Systems, System calls, Types of
Overview system calls, System programs, Reentrant Kernels, Monolithic and Microkernel Systems

Process Process Concept, Process Control Block, Process Scheduling, Threads, CPU Scheduling:
Preemptive/Non-Preemptive Scheduling, Scheduling Criteria, Scheduling Algorithms
Management (FCFS, SJF, RR), Priority, real-time scheduling.

Semaphores Inter Process Communication, Semaphores, Atomic Transactions, Semaphore

Implementation-1, Semaphore Implementation-2
Types of Operating Systems
Operating systems can be broadly categorized based on their design,
functionality, and target environments.
 1. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)
What is an RTOS? Key Features
These types of OSs serve 1. Deterministic
real-time systems. The time behavior: Predictable
interval required to process performance, with
and respond to inputs is very known response
small. This time interval is times.
called response time.
2. Real-time scheduling:
Real-time systems are used
Tasks are prioritized
when there are time
and scheduled for
requirements that are very
execution based on
strict like missile systems, air
their deadlines.
traffic control systems,
3. Resource
robots, etc.
management:
Efficiently manage
hardware resources to
meet performance
requirements.
 Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems
(RTOS)
•VxWorks: Developed by Wind River Systems, VxWorks is widely used in embedded systems across industries
such as aerospace, automotive, and industrial automation.
•FreeRTOS: An open-source RTOS developed by Real Time Engineers Ltd. It is popular in embedded systems
due to its small footprint and wide range of supported microcontrollers.
•RTEMS (Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems): An open-source RTOS that supports multi-
processor systems and is used in applications ranging from space missions to industrial control systems.
•QNX: Developed by BlackBerry Limited, QNX is a commercial RTOS known for its microkernel architecture and
is commonly used in automotive, medical devices, and industrial applications.
•ThreadX: Developed by Express Logic, now part of Microsoft, ThreadX is a widely used RTOS in various
embedded systems, known for its small footprint and high performance.
 2. MultiProcessing Operating Systems
Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating
System in which more than one CPU is used for the execution
of resources. It betters the throughput of the System.

Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

•It increases the throughput of the system.
•As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can
proceed with another processor.
Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System
•Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and
somehow difficult to understand.
 3. Multiprogramming Operating Systems
Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated
as more than one program is present in the main memory and
any one of them can be kept in execution. This is basically used
for better execution of resources.

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

•Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.
•It helps in reducing the response time.
Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System
•There is not any facility for user interaction of system
resources with the system.
4. Distributed Operating Systems

Multiple Computers
Shared Resources
These systems work with many Distributed systems can share
interconnected computers, acting resources such as data storage,
as a single system. Each computer printers, and even CPU time to
can contribute to the processing improve efficiency and reduce
power. redundancy.

Scalability

This type of system can easily add

or remove computers to handle
changing workload demands.
5. Multitasking Operating Systems

Multiple Tasks
Common Examples
These OSes allow users to run
multiple programs concurrently. Popular operating systems such
They manage the resources and as Windows, macOS, and Linux
time allocation for each program are multitasking systems,
to ensure smooth operation. allowing users to work on
multiple applications at the same
time.

Time Sharing
Multitasking involves switching
rapidly between different tasks,
giving the illusion that all
programs are running
simultaneously. Each program
gets a small slice of processing
time.
 6. Network Operating Systems
Advantages of Network Operating System
Shared Resources
•Highly stable centralized servers.
Network operating systems (NOS)
manage resources on a network. •Security concerns are handled through servers.
They allow users to access shared
•New technologies and hardware up-gradation are
files, printers, and other devices.
easily integrated into the system.
Security and Management •Server access is possible remotely from different
NOS provide security features like locations and types of systems.
access control and user
authentication. They also offer Disadvantages of Network Operating System
tools for network management •Servers are costly.
and monitoring.
•User has to depend on a central location for most
Examples
operations.
Examples of NOS include Novell
NetWare, Microsoft Windows
•Maintenance and updates are required regularly.
Server, and Linux distributions
like Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
7. Batch Operating Systems
 7. Batch Operating Systems Cont…
This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs
having the same requirement and groups them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with
similar needs.

Advantages of Batch Operating System

•Multiple users can share the batch systems.
•The idle time for the batch system is very less.
•It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System
•The computer operators should be well known with batch systems.
•Batch systems are hard to debug.
•It is sometimes costly.
•The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.
•In batch operating system the processing time for jobs is commonly difficult to accurately predict while they are in the
queue.
•It is difficult to accurately predict the exact time required for a job to complete while it is in the queue.
Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank Statements, etc.
8. Time Sharing Operating Systems
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks
work smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use
a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking
Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users
also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next
task.

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS
•Each task gets an equal opportunity.
•Fewer chances of duplication of software.
•CPU idle time can be reduced.
•Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users
to share hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and
peripherals, reducing the cost of hardware and increasing
efficiency.
 Back Exercises

•What are the defining features of a batch operating system?

•How do time-sharing operating systems allocate CPU time among multiple users?
•What are the main advantages of distributed operating systems?
•Explain how network operating systems manage network resources.
•Describe the primary functions of a real-time operating system (RTOS).
•How do mobile operating systems differ from desktop operating systems?
•What are the primary benefits of using a batch operating system?
•Describe the process of context switching in a time-sharing operating system.
•What is the role of a device driver in a network operating system?
•What are the security features typically found in mobile operating systems?
•Explain the concept of multitasking in personal computer operating systems.
•How do real-time operating systems ensure timely task execution?
•What are the primary differences between single-user and multiuser operating systems?
•How do batch operating systems handle job scheduling and execution?
•How do network operating systems ensure data security and integrity?
 E-Video Links
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