CHAPTER
10
DEVELOPMENT
LENGTH, HOOKS, AND
SPLICING OF
REINFORCEMENT
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
(Ld) of embedment
Minimum length
of bars that is necessary to permit
them to be stressed to their yield
point plus some extra distance to
ensure member toughness
Ld
a) No development length b) Bars extended into the
at support (beam will support at a distance
fail)
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF DEFORMED BARS AND
DEFORMED WIRES IN TENSION
Ld shall be greater of (a) and (b) 300 mm
a.)
TABLE 425.4.2.2
20 mm and 25 mm and larger
Spacing and Cover smaller bars bars
Clear Spacing of bars not less than db , Clear
Cover at least db , Stirrups or ties throughout Ld
not less than the Code min
or
Clear Spacing of bars at least 2 db , Clear Cover
at least db ,
Other Cases
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF DEFORMED BARS AND
DEFORMED WIRES IN TENSION
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF DEFORMED BARS AND
DEFORMED WIRES IN TENSION
EQUATION 425.4.2.3
NOTE:
shall not exceed 2.5
40 𝐴 𝑡𝑟
𝑘 𝑡𝑟 = Cb
𝑠𝑛 Is the Lesser of:
Ktr is the transverse reinforcement index
a) the distance from center of a bar or wire to
Atr is the total cross-sectional area of all
the nearest concrete surface, and
transverse reinforcement with spacing s
b) one-half the center-to-center spacing of
n is the number of bars or wires being
bars or wire being developed
developed or lap sliced along the plane
of splitting.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF DEFORMED BARS AND
DEFORMED WIRES IN TENSION
s a
a
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF DEFORMED BARS AND
DEFORMED WIRES IN TENSION
MODIFICATION FACTORS CONDITION VALUE OF FACTOR
Sand Lightweight Concrete 0.85
Lightweight Concrete 0.75
λ
Normal Concrete 1
If fct is given
More than 300 mm of fresh
Casting Position concrete placed below horizontal 1.3
reinforcement
Other 1
Coated with Clear cover (Cc) <
Or Clear Spacing (Cs) <
1.5
Epoxy
Coated (other conditions) 1.2
Uncoated 1
NOTE: < 1.7
Size 25mm and larger (≥ 25) 1
20mm and smaller (≤ 20) 0.8
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF DEFORMED BARS AND
DEFORMED WIRES IN COMPRESSION
Ldc shall be greater of (a) Length calculated in accordance with (a) Section
425.4.9.2 and (b) 200 mm
(a) Section 425.4.9.2. Ldc shall be greater
of:
VALUE
MODIFICATION
CONDITION OF
FACTORS
FACTOR
Reinforcement
enclosed within:
a) a spiral
b) A circular
continuously
wound tie db ≥
Confining 6mm and pitch ≤
0.75
Reinforcement 100 mm
c) 6 mm bar or
MD130 wire ties
spaced ≤ 100 mm
OC
d) Hoops spaced ≤
100 mm OC
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BUNDLED REINFORCEMENTS
Development length of individual bars within a bundle, in
tension or compression shall be that of the individual bar
increased by:
20% for 3-bar bundle.
33% for 4-bar bundle.
NOTE:
A unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a
diameter derived from the equivalent total area and having
a centroid that coincides with that of the bundled bars.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR EXCESS REINFORCEMENT
Reduction of development length shall be permitted by the
use of the ratio
( 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 )
Shall not be permitted if:
1. At the face of non-continuous support
2. At other locations where anchorage or development for fy is required
3. Where bars are required to be continuous
4. For headed and mechanically anchored deformed reinforcement
5. In seismic-force-resisting systems in structures
PROBLEM 10.1:
The concrete beam shown is
reinforced with 4 - 25mm bar epoxy
coated with fy = 414MPa and
concrete compressive strength f’c =
24.1MPa Assume normal-weight
concrete. Using NSCP compute the
development length using:
a. NSCP Table 425.4.22
b. NSCP Equation 425.4.2.3a with
computed value of Ktr
c. NSCP Equation 425.4.2.3a with
Ktr=0
SOLUTION:
a.) Check what formula to be 𝑓 y =414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
used: 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =24.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
25 MODIFICATION FACTORS:
λ = 1.0 for Normal weight concrete
Cs 10
12.5 12.5 Cc = 1.0 for bottom bars
12.5
= 1.5 for Epoxy coated with Cs <
6db
= 1 (1.5) = 1.5 < 1.7 (OK)
7 75
5 Thus,
Since db = 25 mm , Use:
𝐿𝑑 =
( (414 )(1 )(1.5)
)
25
𝐿𝑑 =
( 𝑓 𝑦
1.7 𝜆 √ 𝑓
𝛹𝑡 𝛹 𝑒
𝑐
) 𝑑𝑏 1.7 (1) √ 24.1
𝑳 𝒅=𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟎.𝟐𝟔𝟐𝒎𝒎
SOLUTION:
b.) Use:
𝒌 𝒕𝒓 =
40 (
2 π (10)2
4 )
=𝟏𝟎 . 𝟒𝟕𝟐
150( 4 )
CHECKING:
37.5+10.472
=1.919< 2.5( 𝑂𝐾 )
25
OTHER MODIFICATION FACTOR:
7 75 = 1.0 for 25 mm and larger bars
5
Thus,
Checking which case of Cb is smaller:
𝑎 .¿ 𝐶 ¿ 𝑏=75
𝐿𝑑 =
[ 1 414
1.1 1 √ 24.1 ( 1.919 ) ]
( 1 ) ( 1.5 ) (1 )
2
1
𝑏 . ¿ 𝐶 ¿𝑏 = ( 75 ) =𝟑𝟕 . 𝟓𝒎𝒎(𝑈𝑆𝐸) 𝑳 𝒅=𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟖.𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
2
SOLUTION:
c.) Use:
𝒌 𝒕𝒓 =0
CHECKING:
37.5 +0
=1. 5 <2.5 (𝑂𝐾 )
25
𝐿𝑑 =
1
[ 414
1.1 1 √ 24.1 ( 1.5 ) ]
( 1 ) ( 1.5 ) (1 )
25
𝑳 𝒅=𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟔.𝟔𝟑𝟒𝒎𝒎
PROBLEM 10.2:
The required reinforcing steel
area for the lightweight concrete
beam shown is 2000mm². The 28
mm top bars shown are uncoated
with fy = 345 MPa and concrete
compressive strength f’c = 20.7 MPa
Using NSCP 2015, compute the
development length using
a) NSCP Table 425 4.2.2
b) NSCP Equation 425.4.2.3a with
computed value of Ktr
c) NSCP Equation 425.4.2.3a with
Ktr = 0
SOLUTION:
a.) Check what formula to be 𝑓 y =345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
used: 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =2 0.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
= 51 > 28
𝐶 𝑠=100 − 14 −14=72> 28 MODIFICATION FACTORS:
10 λ = 0.75 for lightweight concrete
14 14 14 = 1.3 for top bars
Cs Cc
= 1.0 for uncoated bars
100 75 = 1 (1.3) = 1.3 < 1.7 (OK)
= 1.0 for 25 mm and larger bars
Thus,
Since db = 28 mm , Use: 𝐿𝑑 =
( (345 )(1.3 )(1 )
1.7 (1 ) √ 2 0.7
28
)
𝐿𝑑 =
(
𝑓 𝑦 𝛹𝑡 𝛹 𝑒
1.7 𝜆 √ 𝑓 𝑐 ) 𝑑𝑏 𝑳 𝒅=𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟑𝟕𝒎𝒎
SOLUTION:
b.) Use:
𝒌 𝒕𝒓 =
40 (
2 π (10 )2
4 )
=𝟕 . 𝟖𝟓𝟒
200 (4 )
CHECKING:
50 +7.854
=2.066 < 2.5 ( 𝑂𝐾 )
28
Thus,
100 75
𝐿𝑑 =
[ 1 345 ( 1.3 ) ( 1 ) (1)
1.1 1 √ 20.7 2.066 ]
28
For Excess Reinforcement
Checking which case of Cb is smaller:
𝑎 .¿ 𝐶 ¿ 𝑏=75
( )
2000
𝐿 𝑑 =1619.388
𝜋 ( 28 )2
4
1 4
𝑏 . ¿ 𝐶 ¿𝑏 = ( 100 ) =𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎(𝑈𝑆𝐸 )
2 𝑳 𝒅=𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟔𝟕𝒎𝒎
SOLUTION:
c.) Use: For Excess Reinforcement
( )
2000
𝐿 𝑑 =1873.268
𝜋 ( 28 )2
4
𝒌 𝒕𝒓 =0 4
CHECKING: 𝑳 𝒅=𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎
50 +0
=1.786< 2.5 ( 𝑂𝐾 )
28
Thus,
𝐿𝑑 =
[ 1
1.1 1 √ 20.7 1.786 ]
345 ( 1.3 )( 1 ) (1)
28
𝐿 𝑑 =1873.268
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF HOOKS IN TENSION
Ldh shall be greater of (a) through (c)
MODIFICATIO
CONDITION VALUE
N FACTORS
c.) 150
Epoxy Coated 1.2
Uncoated 1
For 36 mm bars and smaller hooks with
side cover (normal to plane of hook)
Cover 0.7
≥ 65m, and for 90º hook with cover on bar
extension beyond hook ≥ 50mm
Other 1
For 90º hooks of 36 mm and smaller bars
Enclosed along Ldh within ties or stirrups
Confining perpendicular to Ldh at s ≤ 3db
Reinforcemen 0.8
Enclosed along the bar extension beyond
t
hook including the bend within ties or
stirrups perpendicular to Lext at s ≤ 3db
Other 1
PROBLEM 10.3:
A 400mm wide cantilever beam is
reinforced with 4-28mm top bar uncoated 4 – 28 ⌀
with fy = 276 MPa and concrete
compressive strength f’c = 27.6 MPa.
Assume side, top and bottom cover to be
greater than 60mm. Using NSCP 2015
determine the following: 400
a) The required development length if the
bars are straight using NSCP Table
425.4.2.4
b) The required development length if a
180° hook is used.
c) The required development length if a
90° hook is used
SOLUTION:
a.) Check what formula to be 𝑓 y =276 𝑀𝑃𝑎
used: 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =27.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
> 28
400− 2 ( 60 ) − 2(10) – 4 (28)
𝐶 𝑠= =49.333> 28 MODIFICATION FACTORS:
3 10
10 λ = 1.0 for Normal weight concrete
60 28 Cs 28 Cs 28 Cs 28 60
= 1.3 for top bars
= 1.0 for uncoated bars
= 1 (1.3) = 1.3 < 1.7 (OK)
Thus,
Since db = 28 mm , Use: 𝐿𝑑 =
( (276 )(1.3)( 1)
1.7(1 ) √ 2 7.6 )
25
𝐿𝑑 =
(
𝑓 𝑦 𝛹𝑡 𝛹 𝑒
1.7 𝜆 √ 𝑓 𝑐 ) 𝑑𝑏 𝑳 𝒅=𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟒.𝟖𝟖𝟐𝒎𝒎
SOLUTION: MODIFICATION FACTORS:
b.) Using 180º hook λ = 1.0 for Normal weight concrete
( )
= 1.0 for uncoated bars
𝒇 𝒚 𝜳 𝒆 𝜳𝒄 𝜳 𝒓
𝒂 . ¿ 𝑳𝒅𝒉 = 𝒅=𝒃1.0 for others
𝟒 . 𝟏𝟕 𝝀 √ 𝒇 𝒄 = 1.0 for others
𝑳 𝒅𝒉=
b.
[
𝟒 .𝟏𝟕 𝝀(𝟏) √𝟐𝟕 .𝟔 ]
𝟐𝟕𝟔 ( 𝟏 ) ( 𝟏 ) (𝟏)
𝟐𝟖=𝟑𝟓𝟐 . 𝟕𝟓𝟖 𝒎𝒎
c.
𝑳 𝒅 𝒉 =𝟑𝟓𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝟖𝒎𝒎
SOLUTION: MODIFICATION FACTORS:
c.) Using 90º hook λ = 1.0 for Normal weight concrete
( )
= 1.0 for uncoated bars
𝒇 𝒚 𝜳 𝒆 𝜳𝒄 𝜳 𝒓
𝒂 . ¿ 𝑳𝒅𝒉 = 𝒅=𝒃1.0 for others
𝟒 . 𝟏𝟕 𝝀 √ 𝒇 𝒄 = 1.0 for others
𝑳 𝒅𝒉=
b.
[
𝟒 .𝟏𝟕 𝝀(𝟏) √𝟐𝟕 .𝟔 ]
𝟐𝟕𝟔 ( 𝟏 ) ( 𝟏 ) (𝟏)
𝟐𝟖=𝟑𝟓𝟐 . 𝟕𝟓𝟖 𝒎𝒎
c.
𝑳 𝒅 𝒉 =𝟑𝟓𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝟖𝒎𝒎
PROBLEM 10.4:
Determine the development length required for the
uncoated bundled bars shown in the figure If fy = 414 MPa
and concrete compressive strength f’c = 27.6 MPa and
normal weight concrete. Use NSCP 2015 Equation
425.4.2.3a with Ktr = 0
