Mine Survey 2022

by Miss B. Mwabvu
 1.0 Introduction
 Land surveying is defined as the art and
science of determining the position of natural
and artificial features on, above or below the
earth’s surface; and representing this
information on paper plans,maps, as figures in
report tables or on computer based maps.
 These points are usually on the surface of the
Earth, and they are often used to establish
land maps and boundaries for ownership or
governmental purposes.
 Definition Cont’

 Surveying is defined as an operation of

making such measurements that the relative
position of various features, natural or artificial
on and beneath the earth`s surface can be
exhibited in their correct Horizontal and
vertical relationship.
 History Of Surveying
 The history of land surveying is very interesting and diverse and
it is in fact one of the oldest professions in the world.
 The history of land surveying dates back thousands of years and
forms of land surveying have been around since ancient man in
all major civilizations across the globe.
 Surveying science has a very long and distinguished history,
dating at least back to the ‘rope stretchers’ of Babylonia and the
Egyptian dynasties.
 The first examples in the history of land surveying date back to
the ancient Egyptians during the building of the Great Pyramid at
Giza in 2700 BC. There is also evidence of the Egyptians using
basic geometry to redraw boundary lines when the Nile
overflowed its banks.
 History Cont’

 The Romans were the next civilization to

advance on the initial land surveying
techniques of the Egyptians.
 Historical evidence shows that the Roman
Empire was the first civilization to employ an
official land surveyor within their Empire.
 They used simple tools to create straight lines
and angles.
 Classes of Survey
 Primary classification
1. Plane surveying, 2. Geodetic surveying.

 Secondary classification
1. Based on instruments
a) Chain surveying, b) Compass surveying, c) Plane table
surveying, d) Theodolite surveying, e) Tacheometric
surveying, f) Photographic surveying
2. Based on methods
a) Triangulation surveying, b) Traverse surveying
3. Based on object
a) Geological surveying, b) Mine surveying, c) Archaeological
surveying, d) Military surveying
4) Based on nature of field
a) Land surveying, b) Marine surveying, c) Astronomical surveying,
Plane & Geodetic
 Plane Surveying – In this class of survey the surface
Surveying
of the earth is considered to be a plane. Heights are
referred to the mean spherical surface of the earth
(Mean Sea Level). The spherical shape of the earth is
not considered. It is mostly applied in small scale
surveys.

 Geodetic Surveying – This takes into account the true

shape of the earth. • It covers large areas and is
carried out at high precision. • It is mainly used to
establish Control points which are known in the
vertical and horizontal dimensions. • These control
points are used in large scale mapping e.g.
Trigonometrical Beacons
Branches of Surveying
 Geodetic surveys are carried out on a national or
international basis in order to locate points large
distances apart. This type of survey acts as a
framework for ‘lower order’ surveys. In order to
ensure high accuracy, the effect of factors such as the
curvature of the Earth on observations must be
considered and the necessary corrections applied.
 Topographic surveys are concerned with the small-
scale representation of the physical features of the
Earth’s surface. These are surveys where the physical
features on the earth are measured and maps/plans
prepared to show their relative positions both
horizontally and vertically.
 Branches Cont’
 Aerial Surveying Aerial surveys are undertaken by
using photographs taken with special cameras
mounted in an aircraft viewed in pairs. The
photographs produce three-dimensional images of
ground features from which maps or numerical data
can be produced usually with the aid of stereo plotting
machines and computers.
 Mine surveying includes all measurements,
calculations and mapping which serve the purpose of
ascertaining and documenting information at all
stages from prospecting to exploitation and utilizing
mineral deposits both by surface and underground
working.
 Branches Cont’
 Cadastral surveys relate to the location and fixing of land
boundaries. In many countries in the world, the information
supplied by the cadastral surveyor may be an integral part of a
land registration system.
 Finally, engineering surveys are required for the preparation of
design drawings relating to civil engineering works such as
roads, dams or airports. The surveys are normally at a large
scale, with scales of 1:500 and 1:1000 being most common.
Examples of construction projects that require professional
services of engineering surveyors include projects in which
buildings, highways, railways, tunnels for transport systems and
utility systems and bridges are constructed
Importance of Surveys
 The results of today’s surveys are used to
1) Map the earth above and below the sea level.
2) Prepare navigational charts for use in the air, on land and at sea.
3) Establish property boundaries of private and public lands
4) Develop data banks for land use and natural resource information which
aid in managing our environment
5) Determine facts on the size, shape and the gravity and magnetic fields
of the earth
6) Prepare charts of or moon and planets.
• Surveying plays an important role in many branches of engineering.
• Surveys are required to plan, construct, and maintain highways, railroads,
buildings, tracking stations, tunnels, dams, sewage systems, pipelines and
mine shafts.
Applications of Surveying
and Career Opportunites
 Land ownership – - demarcation of boundaries. - preparation of land
parcel diagrams.
 2) Mapping - determining 3D positions of natural and man made
features on the surface of the earth to help in planning and designing
civil engineering works.
 3) Setting out of planned structures and layouts.
 4) Military planning.
 5) Navigation
 6) Earthwork and volume calculations
 7) Mining Surveys
 Principles of Surveying
 To work from the “Whole to the Part”.
 To locate a new station by at least two measurement (
linear or angular ) from fixed reference points.
 All survey work must be checked in such a way that
an error will be apparent before the survey is
completed.
- for example by measuring all three angles of a
triangle even though the third angle measurement is
redundant.
 The principle of economy, since higher accuracy in
general costs more money the surveyor should seek
no higher accuracy than is necessary and sufficient for
the task in hand
Working from Whole to the
Part

According to the first principle, the whole area is first enclosed by

main stations (controlling stations) and main survey lines
(controlling lines). The area is then divided into a number of parts
by forming well-conditioned triangles. The main survey lines are
measured very accurately with a standard chain and then the sides
of triangles are measured.
To work from the whole to the part.

The purpose of this process of working is to prevent

accumulation of error. During this procedure, if there is
any error in the measurement of any side of a triangle,
then it will not affect the whole work. The error can
always be detected and eliminated.
But, if the reverse process (from the part to the whole) is
followed, then the minor error in measurement will
be magnified in the process of expansion and these
errors will become absolutely uncontrollable.
To locate a new station by at least two
measurement ( linear or angular ) from fixed
reference points.

According to the second principle, the new stations should always be fixed by at least two
measurement from fixed reference points. Linear measurements refer to horizontal
distances measured by chain or tape. Angular measurements refer to the magnetic
bearing or horizontal angle taken by a prismatic compass or theodolite.
Instruments Used in
Surveying

Instruments used in Surveying
Steel tape Total station Level ( stadia principle )

Theodolite

GPS