HYDRAULIC

MACHINERY

1
 Hydraulic Machinery
 ENERGY MAY EXIST IN VARIOUS FORMS.
 HYDRAULIC ENERGY is that which may be possessed by a fluid. It
may be in the form of kinetic, pressure, potential, strain or thermal
energy.
 The purpose of hydraulic machines to transform energy either from
mechanical to hydraulic or from hydraulic to mechanical.
 This distinction, based on the direction of energy transfer forms the
basis of grouping hydraulic machines into two distinct categories.
 All machines in which hydraulic energy form the input and is
transformed into mechanical energy, so that the output is in the form
of a rotating shaft or a moving part of a machine, are known as
turbines.
 In the other category, the input is mechanical; the transfer is from
mechanical into hydraulic energy and the output is in the form of a
moving fluid, sometimes compressed and at elevated temperature,
such machines are called pumps, fans and compressors. So energy is
added to the fluid.
Classification of Fluid Machines
 ROTODYNAMIC MACHINE:
A mechanism for converting the energy of a moving liquid or gas into the
energy of a rotating shaft. The power transfer to or from the flow takes
place as a result of the change in the angular momentum of the fluid or
gas during its passage through the rotor of the machine.
 In rotodynamic machines, there is a free passage of fluid between the inlet
and outlet of the machine without any intermittent ‘sealing’ taking place.
 All rotodynamic machines have a rotating parts called a runner, impleller
or rotor, which is able to rotate continuously and freely in the fluid,
allowing an uninterrupted flow of fluid through it at the same time.
 Thus, the transfer of energy between the rotor and fluid is continuous and
is a result of the rate of change of angular momentum.
 Positive Displacement Machine:
 In Positive displacement machines, fluid is drawn or forced into a finite space
bounded by mechanical parts and is then sealed into by some mechanical
means.
 The fluid is then forced out or allowed to flow out form the ‘space’ and the
cycle is repeated.
 Thus, in positive displacement machines, the fluid flow is intermittent or
fluctuating to greater or lesser extent and the flow rate of the fluid is
Rotodynamic Machines

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 Rotodynamic Machines
 All rotodynamic machines, as
previously stated, have a
rotating part called the
impeller, through which the
fluid flow is continuous
 The direction of the fluid flow in
relation to the plane of impeller
rotation distinguishes different
classes of rotodynamic
machines
Axial Flow Machines
 One possibility is for the flow to
be perpendicular to the
impeller and hence along its
axis of rotation, as shown in
Centrifugal Machines
figure. Machines of this kind
are called axialmachines
In centrifugal flow machines
(sometimes called ‘radial flow’), although the fluid
approaches the impeller axially, it turns at the machine inlet so that the flow
through impeller is in the plane of the impeller rotation
Mixed Flow Machines
 They constitute the third category. They derive their name from the fact that the
flow through the impellers is partly axial and partly radial
 Rotodynamic Machines
 Both pumps and turbines can be axial flow, mixed flow or radial
flow. In the case of pumps, the last are normally referred to as
centrifugal.
 All impellers consist of a supporting disc or cylinder and blades
attached to it. It is the motion of the blades which is related to the
motion of the fluid, one doing the work on the other or vice versa.
 In any case, there are forces exerted on the blades and, since they
rotate with the impeller, torque is transmitted because of the rate
of change of angular momentum
 Centrifugal Pump Impeller,
Mixed flow fan impeller unshrouded

Centrifugal Pump Impeller, shrouded

Fan impeller
 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

 The fluid quantities involved in all hydraulic machines are

the flow rate (Q) and the head (H),whereas the mechanical
quantities associated with the machine itself are the power
(P). speed (N'), size (D) and efficiency (ŋ).
 The output of a pump running at a given speed is the flow
rate delivered by it and the head developed.
 A plot of head against flow rate at constant speed forms the
fundamental performance characteristic of a pump.
In order to achieve this performance, a power
input is required which involves efficiency of
energy transfer.
Thus, it is useful to plot also the power P and the
efficiency ŋ against Q.

Pump
Characteristics
In the case of turbines, the output is the power
developed at a given speed and, hence, the
fundamental turbine characteristic consists of a
plot of power against speed at constant head.
The input in this case is the fluid flow rate and,
therefore, this quantity as well as the efficiency
is usually plotted against the speed to complete
the set of turbine characteristics.
 Each and every hydraulic machine has its own
set of characteristics which represent its
performance.
 Losses and Efficiencies

 All hydraulic Machines convert energy from one from into

another it is a well known fact that, in any energy
conversion process, losses occur.
 Hydraulic machines also suffer from losses of energy.
 EFFICIENCY:
The efficiency of a machine is always defined as the ratio of
the power output of the machine to the power input into it.
 Component losses in Hydraulic Machines
The actual energy transfer in a rotodynamic
machine occurs in its impeller.
Here the fluid passes through the blade
passages and either receives energy from the
moving blades or imparts energy to them.
Two major sources of energy loss within the
impeller:
Frictional losses
Separation losses
Component losses in Hydraulic Machines
For Pump
P= Pm + ρg(hiQi +Hiq+hcQ+HQ)
Shaft
Power
Input

For Turbine
ρgHQ= Pm + ρg(hiQi +Hiq+hcQ) + P
Fluid
Power
Input
 Power input to shaft
Pm
Power output from shaft= Power
hi Pi
Pi input to impeller

Power output from impeller

hc Pc
Power input to casing= Power
output from impeller- Leakage
Pl loss
Hthn

Hi Useful fluid power output

Useful Fluid
Power Output
Energy balance
H for pump and
summary of
efficiency

Q q
Qi
Energy balance for pump and summary of efficiency
 Classwork
Draw schematic diagram for Turbine
Dimensionless coefficients
Each size and speed combination of the
rotodynamic machine will produce a unique set
of characteristics, so that for one family of the
machines , the number of characteristics
needed to be determined is impossibly large.
The problem is solved by the application of
dimensional analysis and by replacing the
variables by the dimensionless groups so
obtained.
Three dimensionless coefficients have been
obtained through the dimensional analysis
Dimensionless Coefficients
Flow coefficient KQ

Head coefficient KH

Power Coefficient KP
Ratio of efficiencies of two similar machines
is unity
 Similarity Laws
To illustrate the way in which the similarity laws are
used in predicting the performance of a machine of a
given size and running at a given speed from the known
performance characteristics of a geometrically similar
machine.
 Consider a centrifugal pump whose characteristics when
operating at a constant speed N1. Let it be required to
establish the performance characteristics of the same
pump but running at a faster speed N2 (broken lines).
If, at N1, the pump is operating at point X such that it
delivers at Qx, generates head Hx and consumes power Px
at efficiency x.
Similarity Laws
Example:
A centrifugal pump, impeller diameter 0.50
m, when running at 750 rev/min gave on test
the following performance characteristics:
Q(m3/min) 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56

H (m) 40 40.6 40.4 39.3 38 33.6 25.6 14.5 0

 (percent) 0 41 60 74 83 83 74 51 0
Predict the performance of a geometrically
similar pump of 0.35 m diameter and running
at 1450 rev/min. Plot both sets of
characteristics.
Steps
 Write Q2 in terms of Q1, using flow coefficient
 Write H2 in terms of H1 using head coefficient.
 Efficiency would be same
 Plot characteristic curve for pump 2.

Solution
Solution
Q2(m3/
min) 0.00 4.64 9.28 13.93 18.57 23.21 27.85 32.49 37.14
H2 (m) 37.89 38.46 38.27 37.23 36.00 31.83 24.25 13.74 0.00
Efficiency
(percent) 0 41 60 74 83 83 74 51 0
Type Number
The performance of the machines belonging from
different families may be compared by plotting their
dimensionless characteristics on the same graph, but
it lacks brevity required in the machine classification.
This is obtained by the use of Type Number also
known as specific speed.
The type number is obtained from dimensionless
coefficients.
With the aid of type number various types of pumps
and turbines may be classified and compared.
The type number refers to design point, it is used as
the most important design parameter.
 Every machine is designed to meet a specific duty, usually referred to as the
design point.
 For a pump, for example, this would be stated in terms of the flow rate and the
head developed and, thus, represents a particular point on its basic
performance characteristic.
 The design point is normally associated with the maximum efficiency of the
machine.
 It is thus , informative to compare machines by quoting the values of K Q , KH and
Kp corresponding to their design points. However, since for pumps K Q and KH
are the two important parameters, their ratio would indicate the suitability of a
particular pump for large and small volumes relative to the head developed.
 Since for pumps KQ and KH are the two most important parameters, their ratio
would indicate the suitability of a particular pump for large or small volumes
relative to the head developed. If the ratio is obtained in such a way that the
impeller diameter is eliminated from it, then the comparison becomes
independent of machine size.
 This is achieved by raising KQ to the power ½ and KH to the power ¾.
Type number for Pumps
Type number for turbines
The comparison of turbines is also achieved by
the use of their type numbers.
However since for turbine power developed is
the most important variable, an alternative
expression for type number in terms of power
developed is obtained by eliminating D from
the ratio of power and head coefficients.
This is achieved by raising the power
coefficient to the power of ½ and head
coefficient to the power of 5/4 and taking their
ratio.
Type number for turbines
It must be realized that a value of type number
can be calculated for any point on the
characteristic curve.
Such values are, however, of no practical
interest and only the type number at the
design point, usually referred to as the type
number, is used for classification, comparison
and design purposes.
Since the type number refers to the design
point, it is used as the most important design
parameter.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=U8iWNaDuUek&ab_channel=TheEngineeri
ngMindset