Edexcel IGCSE Biology
3 - Organisation and Cell Structure
Organelles to Organisms 1
Starter:
1) What are organisms made up of?
生物是由什么组成的？
2
Starter:
1) Can you draw an animal cell? Can
you label any structures?
你能画出动物细胞吗？你能标出任何结构吗？
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Keywords
● Organelles 细胞
● Cells 细胞
● Tissues 组织
● Organs 器官
● Organ systems 器官系统
● Organism 生物
● Brain 脑
● Lung 肺
● Heart 心
● Stomach 胃
● Small intestine 小肠
● Large intestine 大肠
● Liver 肝
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Levels of Organisation
● Specification Point 2.1
ORGANELLES
○ Describe the level of organisation in
organisms: organelles, cells, tissues, organs
and organ systems.
CELLS
● Organisms 生物 are organised 组织 into a
INCREASING SIZE →
variety of levels.
TISSUES
● From smallest to largest they are:
○ Organelles 细胞 .
○ Cells 细胞 . ORGANS
○ Tissues 细胞 .
○ Organs 器官 .
○ Organ systems 器官系统 . ORGAN SYSTEMS
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Organelles
● Organelles 细胞 are the smallest of the
organisational units.
● Organelles can be defined as cell structures 细
胞结构 that are specialised 专业 to perform a
particular function.
● Most eukaryotic cells will have a number of
different organelles:
○ The nucleus. 核
○ Mitochondria 线粒体 .
○ Cell membrane 细胞膜 .
○ Ribosomes 核糖体 . A mitochondrion 线粒体 is a type of
organelle and the site for aerobic
respiration 有氧呼吸 . 7
RIBOSOMES
核糖体
CYTOPLASM
细胞质
NUCLEUS
核
CELL
MEMBRANE Organelles are found within cells.
细胞膜
MITOCHONDRIA
线粒体
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Cells
● Cells are the basic building blocks of an
organism.
○ Cells are the fundamental units of life.
○ 细胞 是所有生物的基本结构和功能单位
● All living creatures are made up of one or more
cells:
○ Animal cells 动物细胞 .
○ Plant cells 植物细胞 .
○ Fungal cells 真菌细胞 .
○ Protozoan cells 原生动物细胞 .
○ Bacterial cells 细菌细胞 . A typical plant cell.
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Cells are the fundamental building blocks of
life. Pictured are some stained onion cells
with their nuclei 核 visible in blue.
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Tissues 组织
● Tissues are groups of the same 相同 or
similar type of cell which are acting
together for a specific function.
○ The cells in a tissue will be similar to each
other.
● There are lots of types of tissues in a
Muscles in the
human body: human body are
○ Heart 心 tissue. made up of
○ Brain 脑 tissue. tissues. These
tissues are made
○ Muscle 肌肉 tissue.
up of similar
types of cell.
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Organs 器官
● When several different 不同 tissue types
assemble together, they create an organ.
● Each organ has a particular task:
○ The heart to pump blood 血 around the body.
○ The lungs to oxygenate 含氧 the body.
○ The kidneys to filter out waste and toxins 毒素 .
● Some organs are relatively simple.
○ The heart is a simple biological pump 泵 .
● Other organs are very complex.
○ The brain 脑 is a hugely complicated organ that is still The lungs are a pair of organs
not fully understood. that help to oxygenate the body.
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Several different tissues in the heart
act together to pump blood.
• Muscle tissue 肌肉组织
• Connective tissue 结缔组织
• Epithelial tissue 上皮组织
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Organ Systems 器官系统
● Groups of organs 器官 working together to achieve a task are called
organ systems.
● The human body has a number of different organ systems.
● The circulatory system 循环系统 delivers oxygen 氧 and nutrients 营养素 to
the body.
○ The circulatory system includes the heart 心 , lungs 肺 and blood vessels 血管 .
● The digestive system 消化系统 breaks down and absorbs 吸收 nutrients 营养素 .
○ The digestive system includes the stomach 胃 , liver 肝 , pancreas 胰腺 and intestines 肠 .
● The nervous system 神经系统 sends electrical impulses 电脉冲 around the
body.
○ The nervous system includes the brain 脑 , spinal cord 脊髓 and nerves 神经 .
The circulatory system is
responsible for delivering oxygen
and nutrients to the body.
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Question Time
1) What is the correct order of organization in large organisms? Smallest to
largest. 大型生物体的正确组织顺序是什么？从最小到最大。
A. Cell Organelle Tissue Organ Organ system Organism 细胞器 组织 器官 器官系统 生物体
B. Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle 生物体 器官系统 器官 组织 细胞器
C. Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism 细胞器 细胞 组织 器官 器官系统 生物
体
D. Organelle Cell Organ Tissue Organ system Organism 细胞细胞风琴组织器官系统生物
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2) Which of these are organ systems?
A) Blood system
B) Heart system
C) Brain system
D) Nervous system
E) Digestive system
F) Kidney system
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3) What is the correct definition of a tissue?
● A) A group of different cells working together
● B) A group of the same or similar organs working together
● C) A group of the same of similar cells working together
● D) A group of different organs working together
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4) What is the correct function of the circulatory
system?
A. Transporting oxygen and nutrients around the body
B. Transporting oxygen only around the body
C. Breaking down and absorbing nutrients
D. Sending electrical impulses around the body
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5) Name 5 different organs of the human body
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6) Name 4 different organ systems of the human
body
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7) What have you learned this lesson?
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Keywords
● Cells 细胞
● Nucleus 核
● Cytoplasm 细胞质
● Cell membrane 细胞膜
● Ribosomes 核糖体
● Mitochondria 线粒体
● Cell wall 细胞壁
● Vacuole 液泡
● Chloroplasts 叶绿体
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Common Cell Structures
● Specification Point 2.2/2.3
○ Describe the structures and functions of the cell’s organelles, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria,
chloroplast, ribosome and vacuole.
● Animal and plant cells contain some of the same organelles:
1. The nucleus controls the activity of the cell.
a. The nucleus is the largest organelle.
b. It also contains the genetic material for making new cells.
2. The cell membrane determines what enters and leaves the cell.
a. The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
b. This means only certain substances can get in and out of the cell.
3. The cytoplasm is the site where most metabolic reactions take place.
a. The cytoplasm is a liquid gel that takes up most of the inner volume of the cell.
4. Ribosomes are involved in making proteins.
a. Ribosomes are small organelles that make important proteins like enzymes.
5. The mitochondria are sites of aerobic respiration.
a. Mitochondria are referred to as microscopic powerhouses.
b. Mitochondria release energy for metabolic processes.
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The nucleus controls the
activity of the cell.
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The cell membrane determines what enters and leaves the cell.
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Proteins are made at
ribosomes.
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Aerobic respiration takes place
inside mitochondria.
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Plant Cell Structures
● Plant cells are more complicated than animal cells.
● Plant cells have a number of extra organelles:
1. The cell wall provides support and rigidity for the cell.
a. Plant cell walls are made up of a polysaccharide called cellulose.
2. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
a. Chloroplasts are filled with a green pigment called chlorophyll.
b. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy which allows photosynthesis to take place.
3. The permanent vacuole regulates the water content of the cell.
○ The permanent vacuole is filled with a fluid called cell sap.
○ Cell sap is a solution of dissolved sugars and mineral ions.
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Plant cell walls are made up
of a tough polysaccharide
called cellulose.
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Photosynthesis takes place
inside chloroplasts.
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The permanent vacuole
regulates the water content of
plant cells.
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Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
● Specification Point 2.4
○ Know the similarities and differences in the structure of plant and animal cells.
● Animal cells and plant cells have slightly different structures.
○ These differences can be compared with each other:
Plant Cells Animal Cells
Cell wall No cell wall
Large, permanent vacuole No permanent vacuole
Fixed shape No fixed shape
Chloroplasts No chloroplasts
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