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Generator Protections
Basic Information & Recommendations
P ar t - I
Kamin Dave
Senior Application Engineer
DOBLE ENGINEERING COMPANY
 Generator Protections
 Stator Protections
 Rotor Protections
 Exciter Protections
 Backup Protections

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 Generator Protections
 Stator Protections:-
1. Generator differential Protection (87G)
2. Generator Split Phase differential Prot(50D)
3. Over Voltage Protection (59)
4. Over all Generator- Transformer differential
Protection (87GT)
5. 0 – 95% Stator E/F & 100% Stato r
E/ Protection (59N/27TN)
6. Protection against Stator winding
ov Heating & over loading (51O/L)

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 Generator Protections
 Rotor Protections:-
1. 1 s t & 2 n d Rotor E/F Protection (64F1/64F2)
2. Stator Unbalanced current Protection (NPS-4
3. Loss of Excitation Protection (LOF-40G)

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 Generator Protections
 Abnormal Operating Conditions:-
1. Reverse Power Protection (32R)
2. Low forward Power Protection (37L/32L))
3. Under Frequency Protection (81U/F)
4. Over Frequency Protection (81O/F)
5. Out of Step or Pole-Slip Protection (78)
6. Generator Over Speeding Protection

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 Generator Protections
 Other Miscellaneous Protections:-
1. Generator – Transformer Over fluxing
Protection (24)
2. Restricted E/F Protection if it
required
3. Back up Impedance Protection or Back up
Protection using Voltage Dependent (Voltage
restrain / Voltage controlled) over current
unit (21/51V)
4. Breaker Flash over Protection
5. Voltage Balance Scheme
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 Protection s c h e m e s a r e recommended fo
Generator Prot based on Size:-
PROTECTION ANSI SMALL MEDIUM LARGE REMARKS
CODE (Up to 10MW) (Up to 10MW) (Above 10MW)

Stator Over heat 51 O/L Yes Yes Yes Only for alarm

Voltage 51V Yes Yes Yes

dependent
O/C

Under Impedance 21 - Optional either Yes Required above

or Back up 21 or 51V 50MW & GT
unit
Impedance
Over voltage or 59 or 24 (99) - Yes Yes
Over fluxing

Under Voltage 27 - Yes Yes Only for alarm

Over frequency 81O - Yes Yes

Under frequency 81U Yes Yes Yes

Generator 87G Yes Yes Yes Less than 1MW

differential optional

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 Protection s c h e m e s a r e recommended fo
Generator Prot based on Size:-
Generator- 87GT - Yes Yes
Transformer
combined
differential

Negative Phase 46 - Yes Yes

sequence

Restricted earth 64R Optional either - -

fault 87G or 64R

Stator E/F 0-95% 51N & 27N & Yes Yes Yes
& 100% 59GN

Rotor E/F-1st & 2nd 64F1 & 64F2 - Yes Yes Stage-1 for alarm
& Stage-2
for Trip

Reverse Power 32 Yes Yes Yes

Low forward 37 - Yes Yes

Power

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 Protection s c h e m e s a r e recommended fo
Generator Prot based on Size:-
Field failure 40 - Yes Yes

Pole slipping 78 - - Yes Above 50MW

single unit

Over speed 12 Yes Yes Yes

Turn to Turn 50/51 - - Yes Above 250MW

fault in single unit
stator

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Protection s c h e m e s a r e recommended fo
Generator Prot based on Size:-
ROTOR AND BEARING PROTECTION:

PROTECTION ANSI CODE SMALL (UP MEDIUM (UP LARGE REMARKS

TO 1MW) TO 10MW) (ABOVE
10MW)

Vibration Indicator - Yes Yes Yes

Bearing 26 or 38 Yes Yes Yes

temperature &
alarm trip

Bearing Insulation 26 or 38 Yes Yes Yes

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Protection s c h e m e s a r e recommended fo
Generator Prot based on Size:-
REQUIRED ALARMS:
ABNORMAL AIR COOLED HYDROGEN REMARKS
CONDITION COOLED
Bearing Oil pressure Yes Yes
low

Bearing temperature Yes Yes

high

Stator winding Yes Yes

temperature high

Lubricating oil Yes Yes Sp. For diesel

temperature low generator

Governor oil pressure Yes Yes Sp. For STG

low

Cooling water inlet Yes Yes

pressure low

Battery voltage low Yes Yes Sp. For battery

starting
engine

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 Tripping Criteria:
 Class-A Tripping:
 Turbine Trip + GCB Trip + Field Breaker
Trip
 Class-B Tripping:
 Turbine & Boiler Trip
 Class-C Tripping:
 GCB Trip only or GCB & FB Trip
 GCB = Generator Circuit Breaker
 FB = Field Breaker

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 Tripping Criteria

TRIP TYPE: TT GCB FB

 DIFFRENTIAL
 STATOR EARTH
 ROTOR EARTH
 OVERVOLTAGE
 OVERCURRENT
 UNBALANCE
 UNDERFREQUENCY

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ACA - PROT - 2 / 45 for Energy Delivery
 Tripping Criteria

TRIP T YPE TT GCB FB

 UNDEREXCITATION
W/ O LOSS OF
FIELD
WITH LOSS OF
FIELD
 REVERSE POWER
SHORT TIME (STAGE-2)
LONG TIME (STAGE-1)
(OPERAT ES AT TT)
ONLY
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ACA - PROT - 3 / 45 for Energy Delivery
 Technical Specification: Generator

 588 MVA, 16.2 kA, 21 0.85 PF

kV, : 3.5 bar
 Hydrogen gas pressure

 Excitation : 340 V, 4040 A
Critical s p e e ds : 864, 1806
(exciter), 2388 rpm
 Short ratio : 0.52
circuit re actance Xd” : 7.2

 Sub-transient
Negative Sequence % reactance(X G 2 ) :
 8%
Transient reactance : 24.1 %
Xd’ : 231 % (1/0.52)
 Synchronous reactance Xd

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 Technical Specification: Generator
 Zero Sequence Reactance (X0) : 13%
 Time (Td”) short circuit : 0.032s
 Time (Td’) short circuit : 0.75s
 Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) : 0.52
 Capacitance between Stator Winding & Ground : 0.385 microF
 Surge Capacitance bet n St e p- up Tr & GCB : 0.25 microF/Phase
 Capacitance bew n TR winding & Ground : 0.2 microF/Phase

NB:
 Sub-transient reactance Xd” is use d for Breaker rating calculations.
 Transient reactance Xd’ is used for O/C & E/F relay co-ordination &
motor starting studies.
 Higher SCR, lower the reactance, higher the machine size & higher the
cost. Lower the SCR, higher the reactance, low the machine size &
low the cost

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 Technical Specification: Generator

 Unity PF lag 433 MVA

 Unity capability: PF 250 MVA
 Total lead losses 6920 kW;
capability:up:
 Break
• Iron: 600kW;
• Short circuit: 2800kW
• Excitation: 1390kW; Windage:
1680kW
• Bearing and shaft seals: 450
kW

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 T echnical Specification: PMG-Pilot
Exciter
 Low excitation p o w e r- 4 0 0 HZ permanent magnet
generator is provided a s pilot exciter with
brushless exciters.
 The PMG ELP 5 0 / 4 2 - 3 0 / 1 6 is rated : 65
KVA, 220 V, 3 Ph, 91 A and 158 A for field forcing.
 Frame has laminated core with 3ph wdg. Rotor has
mounted poles. Permanent magnets a r e screwed to
poles.

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 Technical Specification: Brushless
Exciter for 5 0 0 MW- B E 7 0 /9 0 -3 0 /6 -
20
 Rating: 3840 kW, 6300 A, 600
V10 seconds
 Current & voltage: 7050
output: 8600 A, 820 V.
 Nominal current : 4030 Amp.
kW
 Response ratio: >2
 60 diodes p e r wheel (20 p e r arm )
 Current pe r diode: 67 A,
with 6 out of 20 diodes failed:and 96 A
 Armature dia: 70 cm; Length 90
cm
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 Technical Specification : Generator Capability Curve
450 0.4 0.7
400 MAX 0.85
RATED
LAG 300 0.9

200 0.95

100
MVAR
100 200 300 400 500 1.0
0
MW 588
100
LEAD
0.95
200
250 Knowledge Is Power SM
0.85 P.F
. ARON Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
07 31 for Energy Delivery
 Technical Specification: 500MW
Generator Efficiency
99

 % 98.5

98

97.5

97
0 25% 50% 75%
100%
LOAD IN MW : % FULL LOAD
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 Technical Specification: Generator

 Flux density stator & rotor : 2 - 2.5

Tesla
 H2 coolers heat load : 4424 kW
 Continuous unbalanced load :8%
 Short time negative sequence I 2 t : 10s

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 Unbalanced Load – Time Curve
10
6

2
1
I2 t = 10 s e c
I2
PU

0.1
0.08
t in Seconds
0.03
0.3 1 10 100 100
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 Stator Over Current Limit: 3 - P h a s e
Balanced Load

2.2 Stator O/C Curve of 500MW

I
Machine
2.0
PU
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
10 20 40 100 200
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Stator Over Current Limit: 3 - P h a s e
Balanced Load

Stator O/C Curve Limit a s per

ANSI C50.13-1989

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 PERMISSIBLE LOADING

RATED MVA min: 1 2 5 10

+5%
SHORT TIME
RATED MVA

-10% -5% 0 +5%

FREQ. DEVIATION VOL
2
CONTINUOUS
1
3 RATED MVA - 5%
%MVA 90 95 97 100 -5% SPEED
PF=RATED +3%
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Basic Generator Data for Relay Setup

 IRating = 16200 Ampere

 CTR = 20000/5A
IRating on secondary = (IRating)/ (CTR)
= (16200) / (4000)
= 4.05A
 VRated = 21000V
 PTR = 21/0.110kV

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Basic Generator Data for Relay Setup

 VRating on secondary = (VRating)/ (PTR)

= (21000) / (190.90)
= 110V (L-L)

 VRating on secondary = (VRating)/ (PTR*1.7325)

= (21000) / (190.90*1.7325)
= 63.5V (L-N)

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 Basic Connection: P T Input “Line to Line
Voltage”

VL-L = 21000V

VNOMINAL = 110VL-L

VAB
VBC
Relay
VCA
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Basic Connection: P T Input “Line to Line
Voltage”

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 Basic Connection: P T Input “Line to
Ground Volatge-3 wire”

VL-L = 21000V

VNOMINAL = 110VL-L

VAB
VBC
Relay
VCA
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 Basic Connection: P T Input “Line to
Ground Voltage”
VL-L = 21000V

VL-N = 2 1000V/1.7325

VNOMINAL = 63.5VL-N

VAN
VBN
Relay
VCN
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Basic Connection: P T Input “Line to
Ground Voltage”

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Stator Overheating Protection
(51O/L)

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Stator Overheating Protection (51O/L)

 Causes:
 Over Loading of Generator
 Stator Over Current
 Short-circuited laminations
 Failure of core bolt insulation
 Failure of Ventilation
 Coolant circuit failure
 Setting Criteria: Based on Generator O/L
Curve (Say: 115% for 30s)
 RTD or PT100 is required to s e n s e over
temp.
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Stator Overheating Protection (51O/L)

 What is the difference between Stator

Over Load & Over Current???
 Stator Over Load:
 Power Output of Machine (KVA or KW)
e x c e e d s it’s maximum continuous over
load power limit
 PMAX(KW) = 1.7325*V L-L *I LOAD *COS (Ang)
 Machine voltage is not much reduce during
over load condition (i.e. 8 5 - 9 5 % of V R a t e d )
 Phenomenon is much harmful for Prime
over (i.e. Turbine/Engine)
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Stator Overheating Protection (51O/L)

 What is the difference between Stator

Over Load & Over Current???
 Stator Over Current:
 Stator current e x c e e d s it’s maximum limit
during faults
 Machine voltage collapse & reduced below
30% (Depends on Faults & Location)
 PMAX(KW) = 1.7325*V L-L *I LOAD *COS (Ang)
 Phenomenon is much harmful for Stator
winding (Slide22 shows; ANSI limit)
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Stator Overheating Protection (51O/L)

+VE 2.5s – 25s

-VE
51O/L-Timer
51O/L-1
R

3 R 51O/L 51O/L-Timer-1
75-200%
Annunciation ckt.

DC Circuit

G
Power Circuit
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Stator Overvoltage Protection
(59)

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Stator Over Voltage Protection (59)

 Causes:
 Transient Over Voltages
• Surge Voltages mainly originate in
Transmission System because of
Lightning Strokes
 Power Frequency Over Voltages
• Defective operation of AVR
• Sudden Load thrown off
 Protection is normally offered by other
relays like over fluxing relay
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 Stator Over Voltage Protection (59)
 Setting Criteria: Based on Generator Open
circuit voltage characteristic Curve.
 Normally, Inverse Characteristic element is
used for S t a g e - 1 for Alarm/Trip (Say: 105%
to 110% of Un for 45s to 50s)
 Definite Time element is used for S t a g e - 2
for Tripping (115% to 125% for 500ms to
3000ms). S t a g e - 2 must e s e t below the
maximum stator voltage possible, taking in to
account magnetic core saturation.

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Stator Over Voltage Protection (59)

 Advisable to provide surge diverters

for TG also - to b e connected
between p h a se s & earth. Design value
(1.2 - 1.4)*Un allows 50 Hz over
voltage on load rejections.
 Surge diverters to b e explosion proof
or other constructional m ea sure s
be taken to avoid danger to
person s or near by
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 Generator- Transformer
Overfluxing Protection (24)

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Generator- Transformer Over Fluxing
Protection (24)
 Causes:
 Generator Regulator Problem
• AVR or Voltage Regulator Fails
• Operating Error during off line manual
regulator operation
• Loss of VT supply of AVR
 System Problem
• Unit Load Rejection: Full Load or –
Partial Load
• Power System Islanding during Major
disturbances in Grid
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Generator- Transformer Over Fluxing
Protection (24)
 Fundamental Voltage & Flux relation:
= N*Flux*Frequency
E AVE

But, Foam Factor (E RMS /EAVE ) is 1.11;

= 1.11*N*Flux*Frequency
ERMS

Flux = (ERMS ) / (1.11*N*Frequency)

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Generator- Transformer Over Fluxing
Protection (24)
 Flux = (VN / F N ) - - - € (Volts/Hz)
 Flux increases when System voltage rises
at Rated Frequency
 Flux increases when System Frequency
fall at Rated Voltage
 Saturation of Magnetic Core of the GT due to
ex ceed ed the V/Hz ratios
 Serious Over heating will occur in bolts &
support structure of machine which destroys
their own insulation a s well a s coil insulation
if the phenomenon persist for longer duration
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Generator- Transformer Over Fluxing
Protection (24)
 Specific Over Fluxing Protection is not
Mandatory & It is generally offered
a s an optional by other Protection
like Over Voltage. Protection should
be in circuit whenever field CB is
closed
 IEEE C50.13 Generator should
continuous withstand 105% of rated
excitation at full load
 Normally Inverse & DMT type relays
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Generator- Transformer Over Fluxing
Protection (24)
 Setting Criteria: Based on Generator
V/Hz with stand capability Curve (Say:
1.05 V/Hz or 1.1 V/Hz of Un/Fn)
 Normally, Inverse Characteristic
element is used for S t a g e - 1 (1.05 to
1.1 V/Hz for Alarm/Trip for 4 5 - 5 0 s )
 Definite Time element is used for
S t a g e - 2 for Tripping (1.15 to 1.25
V/Hz for 2 s - 6s)
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Generator- Transformer Over Fluxing
Protection (24)

Setting Criteria for Inverse Time Over Fluxing relay

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Generator Under Frequency
Protection (81)

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Generator Under Frequency Protection (81)

 Causes:
 Demand of Active Power suddenly Increases in
Power Grid
 Islanded system, inadequate input quantity and
quality of fuel (i.e. Problem occur in Steam valve
in Steam Turbine or Fuel Pump in Diesel
Engine/Gas Engine etc.)
 Islanded system, Two or more Machines a r e
running in parallel on more than 70% load &
outage of machine due to machine fault, increases
load on another machine to create under freq. on
running machine

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Generator Under Frequency Protection (81)

 It’s a Prime-mover Protection. Each

turbine is having critical speed.
Operation of machine at a sp e e d which
is close to critical s p e e d would
causes excessive vibration in
Primemover & also it produces
mechanical s t r e s s in turbine blades
 Prolonged operation at under
frequency would result in to damage
of Primemover
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Generator Under Frequency Protection (81)

 As per IEC, BS and ANSI standards,

limits of voltage & frequency variation
within which the generator can operate
at full load without exceeding
specified temperature by more than
10 d e g r e e
 A typical example of Under freq
withstanding capability of ABB
generator a s shown below slide;

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 Generator Under Frequency Protection (81

Frequenc Rated P.F.=1.0, P.F.=0.8, No Load

y in % Voltage
P = PN P = PN P =0
100% 100% Cont. Cont. Cont.
96% 100% Cont. Cont. Cont.
95% 100% Cont. 30Min. Cont.
92.5% 100% 30Min. 2 Min. Cont.
90% 100% 2 Min. - Cont.
87.5% 100% - - 30Min.
85% 100% - - 2 Min.
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Generator Under Frequency Protection (81

 Setting Criteria: Based on Generator

Permissible Loading Curve (Say: 48.5Hz for
50Hz)
 Normally, S t a g e - 1 is the delayed tripping
(Say: 48.5Hz for 3 s - 1 0 s )
 S t a g e - 2 element is also delayed but
operating is lesser than S t a g e - 1 element
(Say: 48Hz for 0.5s - 5s)
 Operation at Frequency below 47.5Hz
allowed only for 2 - h o u r s in entire life of s e t
(Turbine)
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Generator Over Frequency
Protection (81)

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Generator Over Frequency Protection (81)

 Causes:
 Full or Partial Load Rejection (Load
thrown off)
 Overshedding of Load during a major
system disturbance
 Condition is not a serious problem since
control system or operator action can be
used to quickly rest ore generator s p eed but,
if it is not then Machine may pull out of step
condition & it is required to trip on over
freq protection

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 Generator Over Frequency Protection (81)

 Setting Criteria: Based on Transient

Stability (Say: 50.5Hz for 50Hz)
 Normally, S t a g e - 1 is the delayed
tripping (Say: 50.5Hz for 3 s -
10s)
 S t a g e - 2 element is also delayed
but operating is le s s e r than S t a g e -
1 element (Say: 51Hz for 0.5s -
5s)
 Operation at Frequency above 51.5Hz
allowed only for 2 -
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h o u r s in entire
life of s e t (Turbine)
SM

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Generator Under/Over Frequency Protectio
(81)
+VE 0.5s – 5s
-VE
2/81-Timer
52 81G-1
T

0.5s – 5s
2/81-Timer
81G-2
T

Reverse active clutch & Time Motor

86F-2 81G-2
TM

DC Circuit
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Generator Under/Over Frequency Protectio
(81)
+VE -VE
86F
TM-1 2/81-1 86F-2
R
86F-3
Annunciation ckt.

86F-1
Trip ckt.

DC Circuit
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Reverse Power Protection
(32R)

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 Reverse Power Protection (32R)
MVAR MW

F Machine < F System G D Y

MVAR

-MW MW

Relay setting Threshold

-MVAR
Machine Act a s a Synchronous Motor
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 Reverse Power Protection (32R)
MVAR MW
V Machine < V System
G D Y
F Machine < F System
MVAR

-MW MW

Relay setting Threshold

-MVAR
Machine Act a s a Induction Motor
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 Reverse Power Protection (32R)
 Causes:
 Two or more machines a r e running in
parallel & Prime-mover of one of
the machine fails. Turbine has
Problems; exhaust hood temperature
on steam turbines
 Sometimes the condition appear during
synchronization of machine, if incoming
machine frequency is lesser than bus
frequency

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 Reverse Power Protection (32R)

 Protection against the motoring action of the

generator while the generator looses it’s
Prime-mover input
 Protection is applied for Prime-mover
 Normally, Protection is applied only when
machines a r e operating in parallel with each
other a s well a s Power Grid
 Generator unaffected by r e v e r s e power, but
act a s a Synchronous Motor (Exporting
Reactive Power & Importing Active Power)

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 Reverse Power Protection (32R)

 Effect:
 Steam Turbine:-
• Steam turbine tends to overheat, when steam
supply is cut off and the turbine still rotates a s
the generator runs a s motor. Steam turbine,
ac a s a pump and the steam is trapped. Th e
turbulence losses in the trapped steam may
then built up a high temperature in l o w -
pr e s s ur e stage. Hence, the turbine blades a r e
overheated due to windage or air friction.
However, the heat caused by turbulence of the
trapped steam can d e - t e m p e r turbine runner.
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 Reverse Power Protection (32R)
 Effect:
 Hydro Turbine:-
• In c a s e of hydro turbine, the flow of water
starts reducing or complete cut off and hence
bubbles a r e formed causing cavitations in
the turbine resulting to damage turbine
runner.
 Diesel Engine:-
• In c a s e of diesel driven set, loss of motive
power is likely to be cause by some
mechanical failure, such a s bearing over
heating leading to closure of fuel valves, and
continued running is likely to cause several
damages in engine.Is Power
Knowledge SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
 Reverse Power Protection (32R): Allowable
limit
Prime Mover Allowable limit of %P of
Reverse Powe r
Diesel (Two c y c l e - 2 25% of rated power
stroke) stroke)
Diesel (Four c y c l e - 4 15% of rated power

Gas turbine (Single shaft) 100% of rated power

Gas turbine (Double shaft) 10% to 15% of rated power

Steam turbine 0.5% to 7.5% of rated power

Hydro turbine 1% to 3% of rated power

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 Reverse Power Protection (32R)

 Sequential Tripping:
 Used on Steam Turbine Generator to Prevent
Overspeed
 This trip mode only used for boiler/reactor or
turbine mechanical problems

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 Reverse Power Protection (32R)
 Sequential Tripping:
 Step 1:
• Abnormal Turbine/Boiler/Reactor condition is
detected
 Step 2:
• Turbine Valves closed; Generator allowed to
briefly “Motor” (i.e. Importing Active Power
from Grid)
 Step 3:
• A Reverse Power relay in Series with Turbine
Valves position switches confirms all Valves
have closed
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 Reverse Power Protection (32R)
 Sequential Tripping:
 Step 4:
• Generator is required to Isolate from Power
System

G D Y
MW
GCB
MVARs

 Consider
• Export High MVARs
• Import Low MW
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Reverse Power Protection (32R)
Sequential Tripping Logic:

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 Reverse Power Protection (32R)
 Setting Criteria: As the overheating of the
turbine blade does not occur
instantaneously while the generator starts
motoring, so it is not required to trip
instantaneously.
 Set Point 1:
• -P<0.5% for Steam Turbine Generator
• Operating Time 10s
 Set Point 2:
• -P<0.5% for Steam Turbine Generator
• Operating Time 2 s
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Low Forward Power
Protection (37L)

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Low Forward Power Protection (37L)
MVAR MW

G D Y

MVAR

-MW MW

Relay setting Threshold

-MVAR

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Generator Phase Differential
Protection (87G)

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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G)
 Protection Against Internal Faults in Machine
 Operating Criteria: Differential protection
relay operate when the current at two ends
of feeder differ or mismatch by more than
threshold value of relay (I diff >I diffset )

NGR CT1 CT 2
G Y D
GCB
E I1 F1 I2

R
Idiff = (I1 – I2)
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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G)
 Protection Against Internal Faults
I1 I2
NGR CT1 CT 2
G1 D Y

3
3
GCB
E F1

I1 I1 I2
R
I2 Idiff = I1+I2

NGR
G2 D Y
GCB
E
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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G)
 Protection Against Internal Faults
I1 L
NGR CT1 CT 2
G1 Y D
O

3
3
A
GCB
F1
D
E

I1 I1 R
Idiff = I1

Note: I2 is very less compared to I1 so it will b e neglected

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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G)
 Stable for External Faults
I1 I2
NGR CT1 CT 2
G1 D Y

3
3
GCB
I2 F2
E
I2
I1
R
I1 Idiff = I1+I2 = 0

NGR
G2 D Y
GCB
E
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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G)
 Mainly Two Ty p e s of Differential
Schemes;
 High Impedance Differential Protection
Schemes
 Low Impedance Differential Protection
Schemes

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Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G): High Impedance Scheme

3 3 3

3 3 3
G

Pickup Setting:
5%-25% of
R Y B
IFLC

Metrosil &
Stabilizing Resistor
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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G): High Impedance Scheme

Distorted CT output &

Low resistance Path

Stabilizing resistor provide stability: Negligible

Current flows through relay coil

External fault & one of the CT Saturated

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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G)
 High Impedance Differential Scheme;
 Simple & Low cost Scheme
 Only Pickup setting & Easy to s e t it
 Stabilizing resister Increases stability of relay
against high through fault current
 Operating on current balance principal
 Non-linear resistor or Metrosil is required for surge
voltage absorb during internal & through fault
condition
 Special PS class CTs (With low turn ratio errors) of
identical ratio & ratings required for scheme
 CAG34, MFAC34, MCAG34, etc. relays a r e used a s
high impedance differential relays.
 Much suitable for Generator/Motor
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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G)
 Essential Requirement for High Impedance
Differential Scheme are;
 Equal CT Ratio
 Low CT secondary winding resistance
 Adequate knee-point voltage output from CTs
 Low lead burdens
 Harmonic Settings a r e not available, so
scheme is difficult to applied for
Transformer
 T h r e e Winding differential protection scheme
become a more complex than low impedance
scheme
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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G): High Impedance Scheme
 Setting Criteria: Typical Recommended
setting is 10% or 20%
 Relay Operating Time should be less
than 50ms.
 Ensure through fault stability by
adjusting proper value of stabilizing
resistor

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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G)
 Low Impedance Differential Scheme;
 Complex & Higher cost Scheme compared to High
impedance scheme
 Settings a r e more complex & %Slope Characteristics
settings a r e differ from manufacturer ’s to manufacturer ’s
 T h e scheme is also called a s a percentage differential
scheme
 For External f a u l t s - - - - - € High restraint current
 For internal f a u l t s - - - - - € Low restraint current
 High sensitivity during internal faults
 Chance of mal-operation of relay during high through fault
current
 7UT62/MICOMP632/DUOBIAS/SPAD346 etc. relays ar e
used a s low impedance differential relays
 Much suitable for Transformer

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 Generator Phase Differential Protection
(87G)
 Low Impedance Differential Scheme;
 Normally, Single Slope Characteristic is sufficient
if the Protection is applied for Generator/Motor
because both the CTs a r e on same voltage level,
s o we can minimize %CT e r r or during an external
fault
 Dual Slope Characteristic is required if the
Protection is applied for Transformer

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Generator Phase Differential Protection (87G)
Low Impedance Differential Protection in MICOM P345 Rela

Slope is not start from origin & depends on “IS2”

setting. Turn point for slope is e a s y to s e t
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 Generator Phase Differential Protection (87G)
Low Impedance Differential Protection in 7UM62 Relay

IBias = I1 + I2
First slope is always starts from origin & 2 n d slope is depends on
Base Point2 setting. Turn point for 2 n d slope is s e t in following way;
For example; Base point2 = 2.5A then 2 n d slope starts after 5A
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Generator Phase Differential Protection (87G)
Low Impedance Differential Protection in REG316 Relay

Slope is starts from origin & cut of point is depends on

“b” setting
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Negative Phase Sequence
Protection (46)

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 Negative Sequence Protection (46)

 Unbalance phase currents create Negative

Sequence current in Generator Stator

 Negative Sequence current interacts with

normal positive sequence current to induce
a double freq. (120Hz) current in Rotor
winding & it causes surface heating

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 Negative Sequence Protection (46)

 Generator withstand capacity;

2
I2 t =K
Where;
K = Constant (Large Generator has smaller
“K” value) & It’s differ Manufacturer ’s to
Manufacturer’s
I2 = Negative Sequence current
Table-I shows unbalance withstand capacity
of machine a s per ANSI C50.13-1989

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 Negative Sequence Protection (46)
Ty p e of Generator Permissible NPS current
(I2) Pe r c e nt a ge of
stator winding
Salient Pole
With connected amortisseur windings 10
Without connected amortisseur 5
windings
Cylindrical Rotor
Indirectly Cooled 10
Directly Cooled to 960MVA 8
961 to 1200 MVA 6
1201 to 1500 MVA 5
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 Negative Sequence Protection (46)
2
Ty p e of Generator Permissible I 2
t
Salient Pole Generator 40
Synchronous Condenser 30
Cylindrical Rotor Generators
Indirectly Cooled 30
Directly Cooled up to 800MVA 10
Directly Cooled (801 to 1600 MVA) S e e curve in
Slide 82

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Negative Sequence Protection (46)

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 Negative Sequence Protection (46)

Adjust Definite Time Tmax & Tmin

in relay shown in below slides

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 Negative Sequence Protection (46)

Tmin is
the Generator Withstand Curve
Definite
Time
Relay Characteristic Inverse
to be s e t below

Generator Cont.
Withstand capacity

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Negative Sequence Protection (46)

Tmax (Definite Time)

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 Negative Sequence Protection (46)

 Back up Protection: Relay Operation

reqd. to co-ordinate for HV fault a s
well a s Auxiliaries

500MVA/21KV GT

F1

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 Negative Sequence Protection (46)

Xd” = 7.2%
XG2 = 8%
XT = 9.5%

I1 = I2 = 100 / (Xd” + XG2 + 2XT)

I1 = I2 = 100 / (7.2 + 8 + 2*9.5)
I1 = I2 = 2.92 P.U.
Relay operating time is required to co-ordinate
on HV faults.

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Loss of Excitation Protection
(40)

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for Energy Delivery
 Loss of Excitation Protection (40G):

 Loss of Excitation Magnetic Coupling

between Stator MMF & Rotor Field
Lost
 Prime Mover still driving unit
 Large slip frequency current induced in
rotor

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Loss of Excitation Protection (40G):
Basic Diagram

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 Loss of Excitation Protection (40G):
Basic Diagram of Brushless Excitation
Auto Manual
BALANCING
R Y M GEN VOLT INSTMT.
SET POINT
B DV M SET
VT MEASURING POIN
CIRCUIT GEN VOLT
COMPENSATE CONTROLLER CONTROLER

CT FOLLOW UP
CONTROL
G GATE GATE
CONTROL CONTROL

DE-EXCITN AUTO-
MANUAL
CONTROL SELECTO
R
EXC
THYR.
PMG
KnFowBledge Is Power
SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management
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 Loss of Excitation Protection (40G):
Basic Diagram of 210MW Static Exciter
RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER
2500 KVA 15.75 KV/575V
DYN 5
TY1
AVR ~
TY2
AUTO=
FCB CEX
TY3
3000 1200V ~
COIL 220V MANU
= TY4
DC
3000A
G

NO LOAD 917A, 95
FULL LOAD V
5 KVA 415 / 2500A, 300 V
35V
220 V Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

BATTERY for Energy Delivery
 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 How Excitation System Works???

Start

Output Terminal Voltage (VG ) of Machine Detected

Reactive Current (IQ) of Machine Detected

Reference Voltage (VGREF ) of Output Terminal of Machine is

Set according to Reactive Current (IQ), Reference Voltage VHREF
Of High Voltage side of Transformer & Transfer function F H of
Phase Compensation

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 How Excitation System Works???

Output Terminal Voltage (VG) is subtracted from reference

VGREF of output terminal of Machine

A timing signal is produced according to difference signal

Output from subtracting unit

Field Current is supplied to Field Winding according to

Timing signal

End
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Loss of Excitation Protection (40G):
How Excitation Fails???

If it Open!!!

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 Loss of Excitation Protection (40G):
How Excitation Fails???

If it Fails!!!

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Loss of Excitation Protection (40G):
How Excitation Fails???

If it Fails!!!

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Loss of Excitation Protection (40G):
How Excitation Fails???
If it Shorts or Open!!!

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 Causes:
 Field Open Circuit (Field current is zero)
 Field Short Circuit (Field current is too high)
 AVR Control Failure
 Accidental Tripping of field breaker
 Momentary; It will Import Reactive & Real
Power (Motoring Action)
 After Motoring Action; Importing Reactive
Power & Exporting Real Power
 Synchronous Generator Becomes Induction
Generator
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Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)
MVAR MVAR

G D Y

MW

-MW MW

-MVAR
Machine Act an Induction
Generator Knowledge Is Power SM

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Loss of Excitation Protection (40G)
MVAR MVAR

G D Y

MW

-MW MW

-MVAR
Machine Act an Induction Motor
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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)
 Slip Induced Eddy Currents Heat Rotor
Surface
 System Voltage Collapse due to Reactive
Power demand Increasing in Power System
 Reactive power is drawn from grid
proportional to short circuit ratio. Power
factor is low, end zone heating increases.
 Partial loss of excitation may cause
pole slipping-highly detrimental to the
machine.
 During failure of field, field suppression
shall be cut off from circuit and active
load d ecr eased to 60% rated within 30
s e c and to 40% in next 1.5 minutes.
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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)
 T HW - 2 10 can operat e a t 40% rate d load for
a total period of 15 minutes.
there after.
Set to be tripped
 Excitation to be removed when speed is 2000 rpm,
to rotor overheating.
prevent more s e v e r e for Steam Turbine
 Problem
 Problem less s e v e r e for hydro turbine (Salient Pole)

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Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

How to s e t Relay????

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Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

Rotor Limit

Over Excited
Stator Limit

PF=0.85
Under Excited

Generator Capability Curve

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Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

Generator Capability Curve

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Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

X Rotor Limit

Over Excited
Stator Limit

PF=0.85
Under Excited

-R R

-X Z=
(KV 2 /MVA)*(CTR/PTR)

Generator Capability Curve: R-X Plot

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Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

Generator Capability Curve

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

Initially it’s a Motoring Stator Limit

Action when excitation fails

Xd

Rotor Limit
Gene
rator
Capa
 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

After Motoring Action Stator Limit

Machine start to work a s
An Induction Generator

Xd

Rotor Limit
Gene
rator
Capa
 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)
 Z PU = (MVA Base *Z Ohms )/(KV Base )
2

 Z Ohms =
((KV Base 2 )*(Z PU )/(MVA Base )

 Xd’Ohms = (21) 2 *(0.241)/(588)

 Xd’Ohms = 0.18075 Oh ms - €
Primary side
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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 Xd’Ohms = 0.18075*(CTR/PTR)

 Xd’Ohms = 0.18075*(4000/190.90)

 Xd’Ohms = 3.7871 Oh ms - € Secondary side

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)
 Z PU = (MVA Base *Z Ohms )/(KV Base )
2

 Z Ohms =
((KV Base 2 )*(Z PU )/(MVA Base )

 Xd O h m s = (21) 2 *(2.31)/(588)

 Xd O h m s = 1.7325 Ohms

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 Xd O h m s = 1.7325*(CTR/PTR)

 Xd O h m s = 1.7325*(4000/190.90)

 Xd O h m s = 36.3 Oh ms - € Secondary side

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

Offset Setting;

 (Xd’Ohms )/2= 1.893 Oh ms - € Secondary side

Circle Diameter Setting;

 Xd O h m s = 36.3 Oh ms - € Secondary side

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

Modern Numerical Relay have Dual

Characteristics

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

Machine Operating
Limit in Leading PF

Zone 2 setting c r o s s e s
Steady s t a t e Stability
Limit

Setting Criteria: 1 for Dual Characteristics

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 OFFSET Setting:

 Z PU = (MVA Base *Z Ohms )/(KV Base )

2

 Z Ohms =
((KV Base 2 )*(Z PU )/(MVA Base )

 Xd’Ohms = (21) 2 *(0.241)/(588)

 Xd’Ohms = 0.18075 Oh ms - €
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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 OFFSET Setting:

 Xd’Ohms = 0.18075*(CTR/PTR)

 Xd’Ohms = 0.18075*(4000/190.90)

 Xd’Ohms = 3.7871 Oh ms - € Secondary side

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 ZONE 1 Setting:

 Z PU = (MVA Base *Z Ohms )/(KV Base )

2

 Z Ohms =
((KV Base 2 )*(Z PU )/(MVA Base )

 Xd O h m s = (21) 2 *(1)/(588)

 Xd O h m s = 0.75Knowledge
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Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 ZONE 1 Setting:

 Xd O h m s = 1.7325*(CTR/PTR)

 Xd O h m s = 1.7325*(4000/190.90)

 Xd O h m s = 7.857 Oh ms - € Secondary side

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 ZONE 2 Setting:

 Z PU = (MVA Base *Z Ohms )/(KV Base )

2

 Z Ohms =
((KV Base 2 )*(Z PU )/(MVA Base )

 Xd O h m s = (21) 2 *(2.31)/(588)

 Xd O h m s = 1.7325 Ohms
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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

 ZONE 2 Setting:

 Xd O h m s = 1.7325*(CTR/PTR)

 Xd O h m s = 1.7325*(4000/190.90)

 Xd O h m s = 36.3 Oh ms - € Secondary side

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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

Offset Setting;
 (Xd’Ohms )/2= 1.893 Oh ms - € Secondary side

Circle Diameter Setting;

ZONE 1
 Xd O h m s = 7.857 Oh ms - € Secondary side
ZONE 2
 Xd O h m s = 36.3 Oh ms - € Secondary side
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 Loss Of Excitation Protection (40)

Setting Criteria: 2 for Dual Characteristics

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Loss Of Excitation Protection (40):
MICOM P345 Relay

Setting Criteria: 2 for Dual Characteristics

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0 - 9 5 % Stator Ground Fault
Protection (59GN)

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Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN)

 It provides a protection for stator ground

faults on generator which a r e high
impedance grounded (NGT through NGR or
NGR etc.)
 Protection function normally applicable for
unit connected generators
 Ground current can be limited up to about 3A
to 25A on primary side

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Resistor Ground

IF
VLN = 21000/1.7325
IF PTR = 21000/240V
100 Ohms, 10s
CTR = 20/1A

Maximum Ground Fault Amps = (Line to Neutral Voltage)

-----------------------
(NGR Resistance)

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Resistor Ground

IF VLN = 21000/1.7325
a
PTR = 21000/240V
100 Ohms, 10s CTR = 20/1A

Ground Fault Amps at fault location = (Maximum Ground Fault

current * %A)/100

Where; %A = (100 – Fault at location of stator winding)

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Resistor Ground

VLN = 21000/1.7325
PTR = 21000/240V
100 Ohms, 10s
CTR = 20/1A

Maximum Ground Fault Volts = (Line to Neutral Voltage*PT seco n d ary volts)
-------------------------------------
(PT Primary Volts)

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Resistor Ground

VLN = 21000/1.7325
PTR = 21000/240V
100 Ohms, 10s
CTR = 20/1A

Ground Fault Volts = (Ground fault Amps*PT secondary volts*NGR Resistance)

---------------------------------------------
(PT Primary Volts)

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
PTR = 21000/240V
NGR Value = 100 Ohms
59GN Relay Range = 5.4V to 20V

Maximum Ground Fault Amps = (Line to Neutral Voltage)

-----------------------
(NGR Resistance)

= (12121.21)
I F-Max
------------------
-------
100
I F-Max
= 121.21 Amps
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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
PTR = 21000/240V
NGR Value = 100 Ohms
59GN Relay Range = 5.4V to 20V
Fault at 90% location of Stator Winding from Phase
Terminal

%A = (100 – 90) = 10%

Ground Fault Amps at fault location = (Maximum Ground Fault current * %A)/100

IF at location “A” = (121.21*10)/100

IF at location “A” = 12.12 Amps

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
PTR = 21000/240V
NGR Value = 100 Ohms
59GN Relay Range = 5.4V to 20V
Fault at 90% Location of Stator Winding from Phase
terminal
Ground Fault Volts = (Ground fault Amps*PT secondary volts*NGR
Resistance)
-------------------------------------
--------
Ground Fault Volts = (12.12*138.52*100)
(PT Primary Volts)
---------------------------
12121.21

Ground Fault Volts = 13.85 Volts

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
59GN Relay Setting = 5.4V & TMS = 0.3
Relay Setting % Location “A” Fault Voltage Operating of
from Neutral Magnitude on Relay
relay terminals
5.4V 5% 6.92V

5.4V 25% 34.63V

5.4V 50% 69.264V

5.4V 75% 103.89V

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
59GN Relay Setting = 5.4V & TMS = 0.3
Fault Voltage Operating of
Relay Setting % Location “A”
from Neutral Magnitude on Relay
relay terminals
5.4V 1% 1.38V Not Operate

5.4V 2% 2.77V Not Operate

5.4V 3% 4.15V Not Operate

5.4V 4% 5.54V Not Operate

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (50G):
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
PTR = 21000/240V
NGR Value = 100 Ohms
50G Relay Range = 0.1A to 0.4A
CTR = 20/1A
Maximum Ground Fault Amps =
(Line to Neutral Voltage)
----
----
-=- - - (12121.21)
I F-Max
------------------
- - - -- - - - - - -
--- 100
(
I F-Max
= N 121.21 Amps
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R
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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (50G):
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
50G Relay Setting = 0.1A
Relay Setting % Location “A” Fault Current on Fault Current on
from Neutral Primary side secondary side

0.1A 5% 6.06A 0.3A

0.1A 25% 34.63A 1.51A

0.1A 50% 69.264A 3.03A

0.1A 75% 103.89A 4.54A

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (50G):
Resistor Ground
Appendix:
50G Relay Setting = 0.1A
Relay Setting % Location “A” Fault Current on Fault Current on
from Neutral Primary side secondary side

0.1A 1% 1.21A 0.06A

0.1A 2% 2.42A 0.121A

0.1A 3% 3.63A 0.181A

0.1A 4% 4.84A 0.242A

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Impedance Ground (NGT)

V
Grounding Transformer

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Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Impedance Ground (NGT)

IF

VLN = 21000/1.7325
KVPri = 21kV
KVSec = 0.240kV
KVA = 70KVA
R = 0.913 Ohms
Full Load current in Primary wdg = 3.33A
Ground Fault Impedance = 3640.004 Ohms
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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Impedance Ground (NGT)

IF
a
VLN = 21000/1.7325

Assume; Fault is just 10% from Neutral

Ground Fault Volts = (Ground fault Amps*NGTX Impedance)

= (0.333 * 3640.306)
= 1212.12 Volts in Primary

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Impedance Ground (NGT)

IF
a
VLN = 21000/1.7325

Ratio = 21000/240
= 87.5

Assume; Fault is just 10% from Neutral

Ground Fault Volts = (1212.12) / (87.5) = 13.85V in Secondary

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (59GN):
Impedance Ground (NGT)
 Setting Criteria: Typical Recommended
setting for IDMTL 59GN relay is 5.4V &
TMS is 0.3
 Typical Recommended setting for
Definite Time 59GN relay is 5V & 2 s for
Stage-I and 15V & 1 s is for Stage-II.
 Neutral Grounding Resistor value should
not be more than Rn = 10 6 /2*3.14*C to
avoid harmful transient over voltage
because of the Fe r r o - r e s o n a n c e
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100% Stator Ground Fault
Protection (27TN)

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Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN)

 Two Measuring Methods to Detect

100% SEF Protection Scheme;
 (3 r d ) Third Harmonic
Voltage Method
• 3r d Harmonic Under
Voltage Method
• 3r d Harmonic Over
Voltage Method
• 3r d Harmonic Ratio
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Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN)
 3 r d Harmonic Voltage Method;
 1% to 3% 3 r d Harmonic (Zero sequence)
Line to Neutral Voltage developed by
Generator during Normal condition
because of the capacitance bet n Stator
winding & Ground
 3 r d Harmonic Voltage generated by
machine a r e present in the two ends of
Stator Winding, but the magnitude is
different depends on design & loading
 Fault very close to neutral; 3 r d Harmonic
voltage reduced to zero (3V0 = 0V)
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Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN)

3 r d Harmonic
Current circulate

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Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN)

 3 r d Harmonic Under Voltage Method;

 27H Under voltage relay detect 3 r d
harmonic voltage (150Hz for 50Hz &
180Hz for 60Hz).
 Fault is close to neutral; 3 r d Harmonic
voltage of machine drop down at neutral
end & initiate tripping

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN):
3 RD Harmonic Under Voltage Method
3 r d Harmonic
Under voltage relay 3 r d harmonic
voltage
drop
Because capacitance
Is shorted

IF
IF
3 r d Harmonic
Voltage at Neutral End reduced

3 r d Harmonic
Voltage at Neutral End reduced

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Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN): 3
Harmonic Under Voltage Method
3 r d Harmonic Present
At normal Load
Condition on both en

3 r d Harmonic drop to
Zero at neutral end
if fault is close
To neutral

3 r d Harmonic drop to
Zero at terminal
end if fault is close
To terminal
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 Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN +59GN

Numerical Relay

3 r d harmonic filter
Extract only 3 r d
Harmonic voltage
59GN Element
27TN Element

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Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN)

Control circuit

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Stator Ground Fault Protection (59TN)

 3 r d Harmonic Over Voltage Method;

 59TN Over voltage relay detect 3 r d
harmonic voltage (150Hz for 50Hz &
180Hz for 60Hz).
 Fault is close to neutral; 3 r d Harmonic
voltage of machine Increases at Terminal
end & initiate tripping

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Stator Ground Fault Protection (59TN):
3 RD Harmonic Over Voltage Method

IF

IF

3 r d Harmonic
Over voltage relay

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Stator Ground Fault Protection (59TN)

Control circuit

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection
(59TN+27TN)
 3 r d Harmonic Ratio Method;
 In this method; 3 r d Harmonic voltage will
be measured at both sides, at the neutral
(V 3N ) & at the terminal (V 3 T ) of
generator
 Normally, Ratio will be constant for
balance load condition
 Ratio will be modified when ground fault
occurs
 Ground fault will not detected at null point
(Midpoint of winding)
 Overlapping scheme (59TN+27TN+59GN)
is reqd. to Knowledge
detect Isground
Power fault at null point
SM

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection: 3 r d
Harmonic Ratio Method
Method:1

V 3N V 3T

Operate: V 3 T /V 3 N > Set value

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection: 3 r d
Harmonic Ratio Method
Method:2

V 3N V 3T

Operate: V 3 N /(V 3 N + V 3 T ) < Set value

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: 3 r d
Harmonic Ratio Method

Control circuit

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Stator Ground Fault Protection (27TN)

 Limitation for Directly Connected Machines;

 Third Harmonic can Circulate between two
Machines
 3 r d Harmonic Voltage varies on Generator
(G1) based on Loading of G2 & G3
 Difficult to apply 3 r d Harmonic under
voltage Protection

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method
 Sub-Harmonic Injection Method;
 Sub-Harmonic voltage is injected through
an injection transformer between the
grounding element of the generator &
ground
 Usually sub-harmonic frequency is 1/4 t h of
Fundamental frequency. i.e. 12.5 Hz for
50Hz & 15 Hz for 60Hz relay
 This scheme provides ground fault
protection with generator energized or
standstill
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 Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method

Fn = 50Hz

Xco = 1
- ---------
2*3.14*Fn*C

IC = (Vn / Xco)

Frequency high€ Xco value l e s s - € High “Ic” current flows

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method

F inj = 12.5Hz

XCo = 1/(2*pi*F*C)
12.5Hz
XL = 2*pi*F*L

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method
 Sub-Harmonic Injection Method;
 During Ground Fault condition; 12.5Hz
current flows through Ground ckt. T h e
fault resistance appears in parallel with
shunt capacitances to ground. Thus, the
impedance that limits the sub-
harmonic current & this also make the
current change
 Capacitive Reactance Increases
 Inductive Reactance Decreases
 Relay Operates if 12.5Hz Ground fault
current is more than threshold value
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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method

Equivalent Circuit

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method
 Sub-Harmonic Injection Method;
 Iinj = (E inj )/ (Zinj + Rn + ZC To t a l )
Where;
Einj = Injection Voltage
Zinj = Injection TR Leakage
Impedance
Zinj = (Rinj + j*Xinj)
Rn = Grounding resistor
ZC = Capacitive impedance of
total ckt.
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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method
 Appendix;
 Iinj = (E inj )/ (Zinj + Rn + ZC To t a l )
Where;
Einj = 56V
Zinj = (36 + j*125)
F inj = 12.5 Hz
Rn = 1212 Ohms
C To t a l = 2.035 microF
ZC = (10 6 ) /
(2*pi*12.5*2.05)= - Is Power
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j*6214 Ohms for Energy Delivery
Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method
 Appendix;
Zinj = (36 + j*125)
Where;
Rinj = 36 Ohms
Xinj = 125 Ohms

Now;
Xinj = (2*pi*50*L)
125 = (2*3.14*50*L)
L = 0.331H
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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method
 Appendix;
Xinj at Low frequency = (2*pi*12.5*L)
= (2*3.14*12.5*0.331)
= 25.98 Ohms

Now;
Zinj = (36 + j*25.98) Ohms

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method
 Appendix;
 Relay setting is 20mA
 Iinj during Normal load condition is;
 Iinj = (E inj )/ (Zinj + Rn + ZC To t a l )
= (56) / (36+j*25.98)+1212-(j*6214)
= 0.0088A @ 78.67 o

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method
 Appendix;
 Iinj during Fault condition is;
 Iinj = (E inj )/ (Zinj + Rn + Z’C To t a l )

Where;
Z’C = (ZC * RF) / (ZC + RF)
RF = Fault resistance

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Method
 Appendix;
 Iinj during Fault condition is;
 Iinj = (E inj )/ (Zinj + Rn + Z’C To t a l )
= 0.0258A @ 6.67 o
 Relay will issue trip command

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Transformer & Grounding Resistor
Method:1

Grounding
Resistor
Injection
Transformer

IF

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Injection Transformer & Grounding Transforme
Method:2

Grounding
Transformer

Separate Injection
Transformer

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Voltage injection through Grounding Resistor
Method:3

Sub-Harmonic
Voltage Injection
Through Grounding
Transformer

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Voltage injection Method in 7UM62 Relay

25V AC

Relay Measures

Rm = (V@20Hz)
---------
(I@20Hz)
IF
Operates;
If Rm < Rset

IF

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Voltage injection Method in MICOMP345 Relay

Band p ass
Filter range
Is 15 to 25Hz
Or
Low P a s s
Filter (Cut of
Freq. 45Hz

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Voltage injection Method in MICOMP345 Relay

Transfer Function of Low P a s s Fourier Filter

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Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Voltage injection Method in MICOMP345 Relay

Operating time of relay

Is faster than Low p a s s filter

Filter Response of Band P a s s Filter

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 Stator Ground Fault Protection: Sub-Harmonic
Voltage injection Method in MICOMP345 Relay

NGR

100% SEF scheme with Primary Earthing resistor arrangemen

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Rotor Earth Fault Protection
(64R)

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 Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F)

First Ground Fault will not:

• Affect the operation of generator
• Produce any damaging effects

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 Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F)

First Ground Fault will:

• No current Flow
• Establish Ground reference making a
Second ground fault more likely
• Increase s t r e s s to ground at other points in
Field winding
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 Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F)

Second Ground Fault will:

• Flow of Large Current
• Unsymmetrical Flux distribution
• Air gap flux badly distorted

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 Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F)

Second Ground Fault will:

• Short out part of field winding causing
unit vibration can damage to bearing
• Cause Rotor Heating from Unbalance
current
• Cause arc damage at point of fault

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Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F)

 DC Voltage Injection Method

 Potentiometer Method
 AC Voltage Injection Method

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Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): DC
Injection Method

Brush is used to ground

Rotor Shaft

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Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): DC
Injection Method
Slip Rings Negative Potential Biasing

IF

IF

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 Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F):
Potentiometer Method

•Scheme adopted in Olde

Machine

•Earth fault on Field Wdg

Produce voltage across
Relay

•Maximum voltage produ

If fault occurs at end of
Wdg
• Overvoltage relay opera
•Blind spot would exist at the centre of field when voltage across the
Wdg & fault would not be detected resistor e x c e e ds 64F’s
•Tapping on Potentiometer could be varied Threshold limit
By using “Push button” to detect fault on
Mid point
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Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F):
Potentiometer Method
FCB

FCB

R1

64R
R2

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 Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): Lo
Frequency Injection Method
LC-filter is the l o w - p a s s
Filter to removed high
Frequency Rotor current

IF Low Frequency injection

Source to inject low freq.
Voltage (20Hz/12.5Hz)

Measuring circuit: Relay o p er ates when actual voltage e x c e e d s

Threshold value (U>)

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Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): Lo
Frequency Injection Method
Low Frequency voltage output is the
Square wave output
Capacitive coupling blocks normal DC
Field voltage, preventing discharge o
Large current

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Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): AC
Voltage Injection Method in 7UM62
Fundamental Frequency Injection

Rm = U E
----
----
--
IEE

Relay Operates;
36V/45V
If Rm < Rset

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Rotor Ground Fault Protection (64F): AC
Voltage Injection Method in 7UM62
Generating square wave voltage

Rm = Ug
-------
Ig

Low Frequency AC Voltage Measurement

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Generator: Front & Side view

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Generator: Front view

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DOBLE ENGINEERING PVT. LTD
305-SAKAR, OLD PADRA ROAD,
VADODARA.
PH: (+91)(265) 655 77 15 & Fax:
(+91)(265) 235 62 85
Cell: (+91 ) 94267 47545 / 98980
55956
E-MAIL: [email protected]
[email protected]
Website: www.doble.com
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