ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING-I
Course Instructor
Muhammad Saqib Khan
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Lecture-04 : Disinfection
Outlines
Disinfection-definition
Importance of disinfection
Disinfection mechanism
Disinfection methods
The most toxic water pollutants—Pathogens
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WATERBORNE DISEASES
• DRINKING WATER: A CRITICAL MEDIUM OF TRANSMISSION OF
HUMAN DISEASE.
• DRINKING WATER CONTAMINATION BY SEWAGE OR HUMAN
EXCREMENT: THE GREATEST DANGER TO PUBLIC HEALTH.
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DISINFECTION
Destruction of pathogenic (disease causing) and other kinds
of microorganisms by physical, chemical, mechanical or by
other means.
Mechanisms
Destroy cell components (cell wall or DNA)
Inhibit energy production, inactivating certain enzymes
Inhibit cell growth by preventing biosynthesis
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Disinfection methods
Chemical agents: Chlorine, bromine, iodine, phenol,
alcohols, heavy metals, dyes, soaps and detergents,
hydrogen peroxide, alkalies, and acids
Non-ionization radiations: Electromagnetic waves,
heat, UV light, Pasteurization
Ionization radiations: Alpha, beta particles, gamma
rays, x rays, and neutrons, high-energy electron beam
Mechanical: Screening, sedimentation, filtration,
membrane operation
Chemical, physical, electrochemical,
and mechanical 6
DISINFECTION AND
STERILIZATION
• Disinfection is a process to destroy disease-causing
organisms, or pathogens. Disinfection is not the same
as sterilization.
• Sterilization is the process of killing of both
pathogenic and non pathogenic microorganisms.
• Sterilization eliminates, removes, kills, or deactivates all
forms of life and other biological agents present in a
specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid,
medication.
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DISINFECTION
• In water treatment processes, pathogens and other
organisms can be physically eliminated up to certain
extent through coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation, and filtration, in addition to the natural
die-off.
• After filtration, to ensure pathogen-free water, the
chemical addition of chlorine (so called
chlorination), is most widely used for disinfection of
drinking water.
• The use of Chlorine as coagulant produce
disinfection by-products (DBPs) which is
carcinogenic agent.
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DISINFECTION
• The use of ozone and ultraviolet rays for disinfection of
water and wastewater is increasing now a days
instead of chlorine.
• Chlorination serves not only for disinfection, but as an
oxidant for other substances (iron, manganese, cyanide,
etc.) and for taste and odor control in water and
wastewater.
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PROPERTIES OF
DISINFECTANT
• They must destroy the kinds and number of
pathogens that may be introduced into water
within a practicable period of time, over an
extended range of water temperature.
• Must meet possible fluctuations in composition,
concentration and conditions of the water.
• Must be neither toxic to humans and domestic
animals nor unpalatable or otherwise objectionable in
required concentration.
• Must be dispensable at reasonable cost and safe and
easy to store, transport, handle and apply. 10
PROPERTIES OF DISINFECTANT
• Their strength or concentration in the treated water must
be determined easily and quickly (preferably
automatically).
• Must persist within disinfected water in sufficient
concentration to prevent re-growth or
microorganisms in the distribution system (the
disappearance of residuals must be a warning that
recontamination may have taken place)
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METHODS OF
DISINFECTION
Heat:
• Boiling water for 20 30 minutes, kills pathogenic
bacteria.
• Heat is commonly used in beverages and dairy
industries (impractical on a large scale).
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation:
• Ultraviolet or UV energy is found in the
electromagnetic spectrum between visible light and
x-rays and can best be described as invisible radiation.
• In order to kill microorganisms, the UV rays must
actually strike the cell.
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METHODS OF
DISINFECTION
• UV energy penetrates the outer cell membrane,
passes through the cell body and disrupts its DNA
preventing reproduction. UV treatment does not alter
water chemically; nothing is being added except
energy.
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METHODS OF DISINFECTION
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HISTORY OF CHLORINATION
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CHLORINATIO
N
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CHLORINATI
ON
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CHLORINATIO
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Why chlorine as a disinfectant:
• Easy to obtain
• Economical
• Effective
• Easy to apply
• Chlorine and its various forms are powerful
oxidants that will kill or inactivate most
pathogenic organism that are harmful to human
and animal life.
• Chlorination is the most commonly used
disinfection process for wastewater treatment.
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CHLORINE DEMAND
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CHLORINE
DEMAND
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CHLORINATION PROCESS
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DOSAGE OF
CHLORINE
• The amount of chlorine required for water depends
upon the inorganic and organic impurities present in
water.
• When chlorine added in water it first reacts with
inorganic impurities like S; Fe; Mn; NO2 which
convert chlorine into chloride.
• Excess chlorine after this point is consumed by
ammonia to form chloramines. Similarly chlorine will also
reacts with organic matter present in water.
• The Chlorine consumed in all reactions represents
chlorine demand.
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DOSAGE OF
CHLORINE
• Generally most of the water are satisfactorily
disinfected if free chlorine residual is about 0.2 mg/L after
20-30 minutes of dose application.
• Larger amount caused bad taste, while less may not
relied. The effectiveness of chlorine also depends
on pH slightly less than 7.0 is effective.
• The optimum dose for a given water is generally
determined experimentally by adding varying
amounts of chlorine to a given sample and
observing residual left after contact time of 20-30
minutes.
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DOSAGE OF
CHLORINE
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DOSAGE OF
CHLORINE
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DOSAGE OF CHLORINE
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DOSAGE OF CHLORINE
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TYPES OF CHLORINATION
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THANK
YOU
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