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Skin Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of the skin, detailing its functions, structure, and common disorders. It describes the three primary layers of skin: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, along with their specific roles and components. Additionally, it lists various skin disorders, categorizing them into temporary and permanent conditions.

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4 views

Skin Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of the skin, detailing its functions, structure, and common disorders. It describes the three primary layers of skin: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, along with their specific roles and components. Additionally, it lists various skin disorders, categorizing them into temporary and permanent conditions.

Uploaded by

shahedulislam2581
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Skin

(Lecture-1)

Farjahan Nur
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacy
State University Bangladesh
Skin:
The skin is the organ that forms the border between the organism and
the environment.
Functions of skin:
• Human body is protected from the surroundings by the skin.
• Entry of radiation, bacteria, fungi and water is controlled by the dead
outer layer of the skin.
• It controls the loss of fluid.
• It also eliminates waste.
• Skin secretes protective lubricants.
• It regulates heat loss.
• It acts as cushions against mechanical shock.
• It provides individual identification (moles, colour, texture, odour).
Divisions of the Skin
Skin is composed of three primary layers: the epidermis, the dermis
and the subcutaneous tissue.
Epidermis
• The epidermis is composed of the outermost layers of the skin.
• It forms a protective barrier over the body's surface, responsible for
keeping water in the body and preventing pathogens from entering.
• It also protects the delicate tissues of the body from injury.
• Epidermis is made of soft keratin, a protein. Soft keratin is found in
the epidermis as flattened cells, or dry scales.
• This outermost layer of the skin sheds daily with completely new
cuticle layer by 28th day; tightly packed, scale like cells; turnover slows
with age.
• Contains no blood vessels, but has many small nerve endings.
• Dispute over how many layers in epidermis, between 4 – 6.
• Bottoms layers are sometimes classified together, known as the basal
layer.
• For our purposes, there are 4 main layers in epidermis.

Epidermis layers:
1. Stratum corneum: Tightly packed, scale-like cells, continuously shed
& replaced.
2. Stratum lucidum: clear layer; small, transparent cells through which
light can pass (only on hands and feet; not present where there are hair
follicles)
3. Stratum granulosum: granular layer; cells that look like distinct
granules; these cells are dying.
4. Stratum spinosum: basal layer - prickle cell layer; as cells undergo mitosis
below, they are pushed upward into this layer; begins basal layer.
5. Stratum mucosum: basal layer - also called stratum germinativum, but
stratum germinativum refers to lowest row of cells to make up basal layer;
basal zone (living stratum).
6. Stratum Germinativum: basal layer - composed of single layer of cells,
lowest layer of cells to make up living stratum or basal layer; mitosis happens
here and cells begin journey to surface, to replace older cells that are shed;
approximately 28 days for journey; pigment granules produced here
(melanocytes) to give skin color.
Dermis – derma or true skin
• Thickest layer of connective tissue; binds epidermis to subcutaneous
tissue.
• Made of collagen and elastin (protein fibers); gives skin strength,
form, flexibility.
• Blood vessels, fat cells, oil and sweat glands held together by collagen.
• Composed of sweat and oil glands, blood & lymph vessels, nerve
fibers, sensory receptors, hair follicles.
• Network of nerves, blood and lymph vessels provide nutrition to itself
and epidermis.
• Serves the vital functions of skin.
• Have arrector pili muscles (tiny muscles, generates heat when body is
cold, contracts, causing hair to "stand up straight" on skin).
• Also contain Papillae (small, cone shaped projections of elastic tissue
that point upward), contain nerve fiber endings for sense of touch.
Dermis – 2 layers
1. Papillary Layer: superficial layer
• Lies directly beneath epidermis.
• Houses nerve endings (corpuscles) that provide body with sense of
touch – pain, heat, cold, pressure, touch.
• Contains papillae, small, cone shaped projections of elastic tissue that
point upwards.
• Papillae contain looped capillaries or nerve fiber endings.

2. Reticular Layer: deeper layer


• Contains fat cells, blood and lymph vessels, oil and sweat glands, hair
follicles, arrector pili muscles.
Subcutaneous Tissue
• Also called adipose, or subcutis tissue.
• Fatty layer; attaches dermis to underlying structures.
• Composed of adipose and connective tissue.
• Varies in thickness according to age, sex, general health of individual.
• Serve as shock absorbers for vital organs.
• Gives smoothness, contour to body, contains fats for use as energy,
heat insulator.
• Circulation is maintained by network of arteries, and lymphatics
(removes bacteria and foreign materials, produces antibodies to fight
infection).
Common disorders of skin:
• Pigmentary disorders like freckles, (pale, variably colored, not usually
raised, harmless ) moles and vitiligo (depigmentation of the skin) are
common and does not restrict use of cosmetics.
• Acne vulgaris, blackheads etc. are problems of adolescents.
• Miliaria rubra or prickly heat is most common in hot, humid
conditions.
• Remedy: Local application of antibiotics is of little success. Calamine
lotion, emollients, vitamin C have been reported as helpful. But
effective treatment is to limit sweating by keeping the sufferer into an
air-conditioned room for a few hours a day or application of ice-cold
water on the skin.
• Psoriasis is widespread and characterized by lesions of pink or dull-red
plaques surmounted by silvery scales which, on removal often show a
small bleeding point.
• Dandruff is characterized by massive desquamation of small flakes of
stratum corneum from the normal scalp. It is uncommon in infancy
and childhood. But by poverty about half of all males and females
become affected and it may persist for long. Salicylic acid ointment,
selenium disulphide or zinc pyrithione shampoos etc. are used.
Common disorders of skin
•Skin disorders vary greatly in symptoms and severity.
•They can be temporary or permanent.
•may be painless or painful.
•Some have situational causes, while others may be genetic.
•Some skin conditions are minor and others can be life-threatening.
Temporary Conditions Permanent conditions
• Acne • Seborrheic dermatitis
• Hives • Moles
• Warts • Melanoma
• Fungal nail infection • Rosacea
• Cold sore • Lupus
• Candidiasis • Psoriasis
• Athlete's foot • Eczema
• Vitiligo

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