1152CS209 – Internet of Things
Program Elective ( Credits-4)
Faculty Name : Mr. K. Kishore Kumar – TTS2045
(AP / CSE / VEL TECH)
Slot No. : G5
Year : Intensive Semester : 2021-2022
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology
Course Outcomes
Upon the successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
Knowledge Level
CO
Course Outcomes (Based on revised
Nos.
Bloom’s Taxonomy)
Understand the basic concepts and Architectures of
CO1 K2,S3
Internet of Things.
Extend their knowledge in Data Management, Smart
CO2 K2,S3
Objects and Communication Criteria of IoT
CO3 Explain the IEEE standards and basic protocols of IoT K2,S3
Summarize the data analytics and securing concepts in
CO4 K2,S3
IoT
CO5 Develop the project for the given scenario. K3,S3
K1-Remember; K2-Understand; K3- Apply; K4-Analyze; K5 – Evaluate; K6 Create.
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Course Content Theory
Unit I – Introduction to IoT
Introduction – Definition and characteristics of IoT – Physical and Logical Design of
IoT – Communication models and APIs – Challenges in IoT - Evolution of IoT – Comparing IoT
Architectures: The oneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture, The IoT World Forum (IoTWF) 01
Standardized Architecture : Physical Devices and Controllers Layer, Connectivity Layer - Edge
Computing Layer, Upper Layers - A Simplified IoT Architecture – Core IoT Functional Stack.
Unit II – Data Management, Smart Objects and Communication Criteria
IoT Data Management and Compute Stack - Fog Computing - Edge Computing - The Hierarchy of
Edge, Fog, and Cloud - Sensors , Actuators, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Smart Objects 02
- Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) - Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks -
Communications Criteria : Range, Frequency Bands, Power Consumption, Topology, Constrained
Devices, Constrained - Node Networks, Data Rate and Throughput, Latency and Determinism,
Overhead and Payload.
Unit III – Access Technologies and Application Protocols for IoT
IEEE 802.15.4 – IEEE 1901.2a - IEEE 802.11ah – IEEE 802.11ab – LoRaWAN - The Transport Layer - IoT 03
Application Transport Methods : Application Layer Protocol Not Present, SCADA, Background on
SCADA, Adapting SCADA for IP, Tunneling Legacy SCADA over IP Networks, SCADA Protocol
Translation, SCADA Transport over LLNs with MAP-T, Generic Web-Based Protocols, IoT Application
Layer Protocols, CoAP, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT).
Unit IV – Analytics Concepts and Securing IoT
Data Analytics - Edge streaming Analytics – Network Analytics - Securing IoT: Common Challenges in
04
OT Security, Erosion of Network Architecture, Pervasive Legacy Systems, Insecure Operational
Protocols, Modbus, Distributed Network Protocol, Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol,
OLE for Process Control, International Electro-technical Commission Protocols.
Unit V – Smart City and Public Safety 05
Smart City IoT Architecture - Smart City Security Architecture - Smart City Use-Case Examples -
Overview - An IoT Blueprint for Public Safety - Emergency Response IoT Architecture - IoT Public
Safety Information Processing - School Bus Safety – Case Study.
Duration : 45 Hours
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Course Content Laboratory
Lab Experiments: (Duration : 30 Hours)
1. Study about Arduino interfaces and Raspberry PI interfaces
2. Study the basic fundamental components of IoT
3. Create interface between Arduino board and system
4. Verify the blinking LED and turn on/off the LEDs in a sequential manner
using Arduino Uno.
5. To control the LED using a Potentiometer.
6. To control the RGB LED using a Arduino Uno.
7. Interface GSM module with Arduino Uno to communicate with the
Mobile devices.
8. To interface the ultrasonic sensor with the Arduino Uno to determine the
distance of an object from the sensor.
9. To interface the DS18B20 temperature sensor with the Arduino UNO to
sense the temperature and print it on the serial monitor.
10.To interface the FC-51 Infrared sensor (IR) sensor with the Arduino Uno
to sense the path is clear/ indicate the presence of any obstacles.
11.To build traffic lights controller using Arduino Mega.
12.To control servo motor Using Rasberry Pi.
13.To interface HC-05/HC-06 Bluetooth module with the Arduino Uno to
communicate with mobile phone over short distances.
14.Case Study: Develop any smart automation application using IoT
components (Arduino Nano, HC-06 Bluetooth, Xbee Pro, Sensors)
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Books
Books
Reference
Text Book1
Books
David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro,
Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and 1. Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay
Jerome Henry, “IoT Fundamentals: Madisetti, “Internet of
Networking Technologies, Protocols Things (A Hands-On-
and Use Cases for Internet of Things”, Approach)”, VPT,
Cisco Press, 2017. 2014.
1. Olivier Hersent, David
Text Book2 Boswarthick, Omar
Elloumi, “The Internet
Honbo Zhou, The Internet of Things of Things – Key
in the Cloud: A Middleware applications and
Perspective,CRC Press, 2012 Protocols”, Wiley,
2012.
1. Michael Margolis,
“Arduino Cookbook”
OReilly, Second
Edition, 2011.
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Unit II – Data Management, Smart Objects
and Communication Criteria
Outcome :
Extend their knowledge in Data Management,
Smart Objects and Communication Criteria of
IoT-K2 Level
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Topics to be Discuss !!!
•IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
•Fog Computing
•Edge Computing
•The Hierarchy of Edge, Fog, and Cloud
•Sensors, Actuators, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS),
Smart Objects
•Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) -
•Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks
• Communications Criteria
•Range, Frequency Bands, Power Consumption,
•Topology, Constrained Devices, Constrained - Node Networks,
•Data Rate and Throughput, Latency and Determinism,
•Overhead and Payload.
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IoT Data Management and Compute
Stack
• IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
• A natural location for this processing activity is the cloud.
• Smart objects need to connect to the cloud, and data
processing is centralized.
• Objects just need to connect to a central cloud application.
• These new requirements include the following:
– Minimizing latency
– Conserving network bandwidth
– Increasing local efficiency
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Characteristic of Fog Computing
• Contextual location awareness and low
latency
• Geographic distribution
• Deployment near IoT endpoints
• Wireless communication between the fog and
the IoT endpoint Use for real-time interactions
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IoT Data Management and Compute
Stack
David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome Henry, “IoT
Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press, 2017.
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Fog Computing
David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome Henry, “IoT
Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press, 2017.
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The Hierarchy of Edge, Fog, and Cloud
David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome Henry, “IoT
Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press, 2017.
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Smart Objects: The “Things” in IoT
• Sensors, Actuators, and Smart Objects: This
section defines sensors, actuators, and smart
objects and describes how they are the
fundamental building blocks of IoT networks.
• Sensor Networks: This section covers the
design, drivers for adoption, and deployment
challenges of sensor networks.
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Sensors
• A sensor is a device that measures physical
input from its environment and converts it
into data that can be interpreted by either a
human or a machine.
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Sensor Types
• Active or passive: Sensors can be categorized based
on whether they produce an energy output and
typically require an external power supply (active) or
whether they simply receive energy and typically
require no external power supply (passive).
• Invasive or non-invasive: Sensors can be categorized
based on whether a sensor is part of the
environment it is measuring (invasive) or external to
it (non-invasive).
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Sensor Types
• Contact or no-contact: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they
require physical contact with what they are measuring (contact) or not
(no-contact).
• Absolute or relative: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they
measure on an absolute scale (absolute) or based on a difference with a
fixed or variable reference value (relative).
• Area of application: Sensors can be categorized based on the specific
industry or vertical where they are being used.
• How sensors measure: Sensors can be categorized based on the physical
mechanism used to measure sensory input (for example, thermoelectric,
electrochemical, piezoresistive, optic, electric, fluid mechanic,
photoelastic).
• What sensors measure: Sensors can be categorized based on their
applications or what physical variables they measure.
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Sensor Types
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Sensor Types
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Sensors in Smart Phone
David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome Henry, “IoT
Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press, 2017.
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Actuators
• Actuators are natural complements to sensors.
David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome Henry, “IoT
Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press, 2017.
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Human Setup
David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome Henry, “IoT
Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press, 2017.
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Actuators Types
• Type of motion: Actuators can be classified
based on the type of motion they produce (for
example, linear, rotary, one/two/three-axes).
• Power: Actuators can be classified based on
their power output (for example, high power,
low power, micro power)
• Binary or continuous: Actuators can be
classified based on the number of stable-state
outputs.
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Actuators by Energy Type
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Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
(MEMS)
• One of the most interesting advances in sensor and actuator
technologies is in how they are packaged and deployed.
• Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), sometimes simply
referred to as micro-machines, can integrate and combine
electric and mechanical elements, such as sensors and
actuators, on a very small (millimeter or less) scale.
• One of the keys to this technology is a microfabrication
technique that is similar to what is used for microelectronic
integrated circuits.
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MEMS Structure
David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome Henry, “IoT
Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press, 2017.
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Smart Objects
Smart Object is the complete setup for an
Application
– Processing unit
– Sensor(s)
– actuator(s):
– Communication device
– Power source
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Smart Objects
David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome Henry, “IoT
Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press, 2017.
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Trends in Smart Objects
• As this definition reveals, it is perhaps
variability that is the key characteristic of
smart objects.
• Size is decreasing:
• Power consumption is decreasing
• Processing power is increasing
• Communication capabilities are improving:
• Communication is being increasingly standardized
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Rob Barton and Jerome Henry, “IoT
Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols and Use Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press, 2017.
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limitations of the smart objects
• The following are some of the most significant
limitations of the smart objects in WSNs:
– Limited processing power
– Limited memory
– Lossy communication
– Limited transmission speeds
– Limited power
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Aggregation in Wireless Sensor
Network
David Hanes, Gonzalo
Salgueiro, Patrick
Grossetete, Rob Barton
and Jerome Henry,
“IoT Fundamentals:
Networking
Technologies,
Protocols and Use
Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press,
2017.
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Data Driven Aproches
• Event-driven: Transmission of sensory
information is triggered only when a smart
object detects a particular event or
predetermined threshold.
• Periodic: Transmission of sensory information
occurs only at periodic intervals.
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Communications Criteria
• Range: This section examines the importance of signal propagation and
distance.
• Frequency Bands: This section describes licensed and unlicensed
spectrum, including sub-GHz frequencies.
• Power Consumption: This section discusses the considerations required
for devices connected to a stable power source compared to those that
are battery powered.
• Topology: This section highlights the various layouts that may be
supported for connecting multiple smart objects.
• Constrained Devices: This section details the limitations of certain smart
objects from a connectivity perspective.
• Constrained-Node Networks: This section highlights the challenges that
are often encountered with networks connecting smart objects.
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Range
David Hanes, Gonzalo
Salgueiro, Patrick
Grossetete, Rob Barton
and Jerome Henry,
“IoT Fundamentals:
Networking
Technologies,
Protocols and Use
Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press,
2017.
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Frequency Bands
• Radio spectrum is regulated by countries and/or
organizations, such as the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC).
• These groups define the regulations and transmission
requirements for various frequency bands.
• For example, portions of the spectrum are allocated
to types of telecommunications such as radio,
television, military, and so on.
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Power Consumption
• While the definition of IoT device is very
broad, there is a clear delineation between
powered nodes and battery-powered nodes.
• Battery-powered nodes bring much more
flexibility to IoT devices.
• These nodes are often classified by the
required lifetimes of their batteries. Does a
node need 10 to 15 years of battery life, such
as on water or gas meters
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Power Consumption
• is a 5- to 7-year battery life sufficient for
devices such as smart parking sensors?
• Their batteries can be changed or the devices
replaced when a street gets resurfaced.
• For devices under regular maintenance, a
battery life of 2 to 3
• years is an option.
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Topologies
David Hanes, Gonzalo
Salgueiro, Patrick
Grossetete, Rob Barton
and Jerome Henry,
“IoT Fundamentals:
Networking
Technologies,
Protocols and Use
Cases for Internet of
Things”, Cisco Press,
2017.
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Constrained Devices
• The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
acknowledges in RFC 7228 that different
categories of IoT devices are deployed.
• While categorizing the class of IoT nodes is a
perilous exercise, with computing, memory,
storage, power, and networking continuously
evolving and improving, RFC 7228 gives some
definitions of constrained nodes.
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Constrained Nodes
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Data Rate and Throughput,
• The data rate is a term to denote
the transmission speed, or the number of bits
per second transferred. The useful data
rate for the user is usually less than the
actual data rate transported on the network
• Throughput is a measure of how many units of
information a system can process in a given
amount of time.
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Latency
• Latency is a time interval between the
stimulation and response, or, from a more
general point of view, a time delay between
the cause and the effect of some physical
change in the system being observed.
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Determinism
• Determinism, in philosophy, theory that all
events, including moral choices, are
completely determined by previously existing
causes. Determinism is usually understood to
preclude free will because it entails that
humans cannot act otherwise than they do.
• Overhead and Payload.: Based on IPV6
overhead has been resolved in Node Network.
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