Chapter Three

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1
2 Objectives
 Explain what artificial intelligence (AI)
 To Describe the eras of AI.
 To Explain the types and approaches of AI.
 Describe the applications of AI in health, agriculture, business and education
 List the factors that influenced the advancement of AI in recent years.
 Understand the relationship between the human’s way of thinking and AI systems
 Identify AI research focus areas.
 Identify real-world AI applications, some platforms, and tools
 artificial intelligence (AI)
 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and
Intelligence.
 =>How do you define the word Artificial? And the word
Intelligence?
 Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems” hence
Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."
 AI as the branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like
humans, and able to make decisions.
 Cont.….

 Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply

knowledge. Knowledge is the information acquired through
experience.
 Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure
(training).
 Summing the terms up, we get artificial intelligence as the
“copy of something natural (i.e., human beings) ‘WHO’ is
capable of acquiring and applying the information it has
gained through exposure.”
 Cont.….

 AI exists when a machine can have human-based skills such

as learning, reasoning, and solving problems with Artificial
Intelligence you do not need to pre program a machine to do
some work, despite that you can create a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with own
intelligence.
 Cont.…
 Intelligence is composed of:
 ➢ Reasoning
 ➢ Learning
 ➢ Problem Solving
 ➢ Perception
 ➢ Linguistic Intelligence
 An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. An agent
(e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its environment
through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.
 Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.
 Cont.…

 The advent of Big Data, driven by the arrival of the internet, smart
mobile and social media has enabled AI algorithms, in particular from
Machine Learning and Deep Learning, to leverage Big Data and perform
their tasks more optimally.
 Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where the machine can learn
as it goes rather than having every action programmed by humans.
 Many times, students get confused between Machine Learning and
Artificial Intelligence
 Cont.…
 but Machine learning, a fundamental concept of AI research since the field’s
inception, is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through
experience.
 Neural networks are biologically inspired networks that extract features from the
data in a hierarchical fashion.
 The field of neural networks with several hidden layers is called deep learning.
 Why we need AI at this time?

 To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with

the capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its
users.
 Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like
humans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-
friendly manner.
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence

 Replicate human intelligence

 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

 An intelligent connection of perception and action

 Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such
as:
 Proving a theorem

 Playing chess

 Plan some surgical operation

 Driving a car in traffic

 Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by
itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

 AI is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and

requires lots of other factors that can contribute to it.

 To create the AI-first we should know that how intelligence is

composed, so Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which
is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving,
perception, language understanding, etc.

 To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial

Intelligence requires the following disciplines
 Cont..

 Mathematics

 Biology

 Psychology

 Sociology

 Computer Science

 Neurons Study

 Statistics
 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

 High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are

prone to fewer errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per
pre-experience or information.

 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision

making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the
Chess game.

 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the
same action multiple times with high accuracy.

 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such

as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a
human can be risky.
 Cont..

 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital

assistant to users such as AI technology is currently used by
various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirements.

 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public

utilities such as a self-driving car which can make our journey
safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purposes,
Natural language processing (for search engines, for spelling
checker, for assistant like Siri, for translation like google
translate), etc.
 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots
of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they
cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are
trained, or programmed.
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it
does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with
humans, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
 Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology, people are
getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but
still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative
and imaginative.
 Levels of AI

 Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems

 The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket, covering everything from
business software (Robotic Process Automation) and domestic appliances to aircraft
autopilots.
 Stage 2- Context Awareness and Retention
 Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they are being
applied in.
 They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans, and their
knowledge base can be updated as new situations and queries arise.
 Well, known applications of this level are chatbots and “roboadvisors”.
 Cont..
 Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
 Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build up expertise in a
specific context taking in massive volumes of information which they can use for
decision making.
 Successful use cases have been seen in cancer diagnosis and the well-known Google
Deep mind’s Alpha Go.
 Currently, this type is limited to one domain only would forget all it knows about that
domain if you started to teach it something else.
 Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
 These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to themselves and
others they have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how their own logic
works.
 This means they could reason or negotiate with humans and other machines.
 At the moment these algorithms are still in development, however, commercial
applications are expected within the next few years.
 Cont..

 Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)

 AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every domain.
Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabilities might be,
yet we would hope examples would include solving problems we have failed to
so far, such as world hunger and dangerous environmental change.
 Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
 These systems have human-like intelligence the most commonly portrayed AI in
media however, no such use is in evidence today.
 It is the goal of many working in AI and some believe it could be realized
already from 2024.
 Views vary as to when and whether such a capability could even be possible,
yet there a few experts who claim it can be realized by 2029.
 Cont.…

Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence

This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6) leads to

a massive expansion in human capability.
 Types of AI

 Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are mainly
two types of the main categorization which are based on capabilities and
based on functionally of AI
 Based on Capabilities

Weak AI or Narrow AI:

 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with

intelligence.

 The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of

Artificial Intelligence.

 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only

trained for one specific task.

 Hence it is also termed as weak AI.

 Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.

 Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited
pre-defined range of functions.
 Cont..

General AI:

 is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual

task with efficiency like a human.

 The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that

could be smarter and think like a human on its own.

 Currently, there is no such system exists which could come

under general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a
human.
 As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take
lots of effort and time to develop such systems.
 Cont..

Super AI:

 is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could

surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than a
human with cognitive properties. This refers to aspects like general
wisdom, problem solving and creativity. It is an outcome of general
AI.

 Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the

ability to think, to reason solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan,
learn, and communicate on its own.

 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. The

development of such systems in real is still a world-changing task.
 Based on the functionality

Reactive Machines

 Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.

 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future

actions.

 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per

possible best action.

 IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.

 Google's Alpha Go is also an example of reactive machines.

 Cont..

Limited Memory

 Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a
short period of time.

 These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.

 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.

 These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other
cars, speed limits, and other information to navigate the road.
 Cont..

Theory of Mind

 Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be

able to interact socially like humans.

 This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are making lots
of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

 Self-Awareness

 Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super

intelligent and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.

 These machines will be smarter than the human mind.

 Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

 How humans think

 The goal of many researchers is to create strong and general AI that learns
like a human and can solve general problems as the human brain does.

 How does a human being think? Intelligence or the cognitive process is

composed of three main stages:
 Observe and input the information or data in the brain.

 Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding
environment.

 Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and interpreted
and evaluated.
 Mapping human thinking to artificial intelligence
components
 Because AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is possible to
map the human thinking stages to the layers or components of AI systems.

 In the first stage, humans acquire information from their surrounding

environments through human senses, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste,
and touch, through human organs, such as eyes, ears, and other sensing
organs, for example, the hands.
 Cont..

 The second stage is related to interpreting and evaluating the

input data. In AI, this stage is represented by the interpretation
layer, that is, reasoning and thinking about the gathered input
that is acquired by the sensing layer.

 The third stage is related to taking action or making decisions.

After evaluating the input data, the interacting layer performs
the necessary tasks. Robotic movement control and speech
generation are examples of functions that are implemented in
the interacting layer.
 Influencers of artificial intelligence

 This section explores some of the reasons why AI is taking off

now. The following influencers of AI are described in this
section:
 Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data

 Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip

architectures

 Cloud computing and APIs

 The emergence of data science

 Big Data

 Big data refers to huge amounts of data.

 It requires innovative forms of information processing to draw insights,

automate processes, and help decision making.

 It can be structured data that corresponds to a formal pattern, such as

traditional data sets and databases.

 Also, big data includes semi-structured and unstructured formats, such as

word-processing documents, videos, images, audio, presentations, social
media interactions, streams, web pages, and many other kinds of content.
 Structured data versus unstructured data

 Traditionally, computers primarily process structured data, that is,

information with an organized structure, such as a relational database that is
searchable by simple and straightforward search engine algorithms or SQL
statements.

 But, real-world data such as the type that humans deal with constantly does
not have a high degree of organization.

 For example, text that is written or spoken in natural language (the language
that humans speak) does not constitute structured data.
 Cont..

 Unstructured data is not contained in a regular database and

is growing exponentially, making up most of the data in the
world.
 Cloud computing and application programming
interfaces

=>What is the cloud? What do you know about cloud computing?

 Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery of on-

demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per-use basis.

 These services might be data analysis, social media, video storage, e-

commerce, and AI capabilities that are available through the internet
and supported by cloud computing.

 In general, application programming interfaces (APIs) expose

capabilities and services.

 APIs enable software components to communicate with each other

easily.
 Cont..

 so programming becomes easier and faster.

 AI APIs are usually delivered on an open cloud-based platform on

which developers can infuse AI capabilities into digital applications,
products, and operations by using one or more of the available APIs.

 E.g.

 IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.

 Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services

(AWS).

 Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.

 Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.

 The emergence of data science

 Data science has emerged in the last few years as a new

profession that combines several disciplines, such as statistics,
data analysis, machine learning, and others.

 The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or insights from

data in various forms, either structured or unstructured, which is
like data mining.

 After you collect a large enough volume of data, patterns emerge.

 Then, data scientists use learning algorithms on these patterns.

 Data science uses machine learning and AI to process big data.

 Applications of AI

 Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society.

 It is becoming essential for today's time because it can solve

complex problems in an efficient way in multiple industries,
such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc.

 AI is making our daily life more comfortable and faster.

 AI tools and platforms

 Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and

mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and
economics.

 AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most difficult

problems in computer science, like:
✓ Search and optimization

✓ Logic

✓ Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning

✓ Classifiers and statistical learning methods

✓ Neural networks

✓ Control theory

✓ Languages
 Cont.…

 The most common artificial intelligence platforms include

Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning, Google Cloud Prediction API,
IBM Watson, Tensor Flow, Infosys Nia, Wipro HOLMES, API.AI,
Premonition, Rainbird, Ayasdi, MindMeld, and Meya.
 Semple AI application

Commuting

 Google’s AI-Powered Predictions

 Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft

 Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot

Email

 Spam Filters

 Smart Email Categorization

Social Networking

 Facebook - When you upload photos to Facebook, the service automatically highlights
faces and suggests friends tag. Like Online Shopping, mobile use.
41

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