MAGNETISM AND

ELECTRICITY
11NM
 MAGNETISM

A magnetic material is one that is

capable of being magnetized. Metals
are magnetic materials, when they
are placed near a magnet, it will
become magnetized and therefore
be attracted to the magnet. If you
want to test if an object is magnetic,
you can place it in iron chips and if
the iron chips stick to the material,
then it is magnetic.
 MAGNETIC POLES

• A magnetic pole gives the illusion that the

magnetism is concentrated at a particular
point. If the magnet is dropped into the iron
chips, then most of the iron chips will be at
the end of the magnet, and so it shows that
the poles are at the end of the magnet.
• When suspended horizontally near the
Earth’s surface, a bar magnet settles in an
approximately north-south direction. The
end of the magnet that points north is called
the north-seeking pole, or N-pole and the
end pointing south
 MAGNETIC POLES

• If you had broken the pole into two, you would observe that the iron fillings
are attracted towards both ends of each piece. The new magnet will now
have two poles. The new poles both have a north and south pole and so they
are categorize as being dipole. Magnetics that only have one pole do not
exist; these are called monopoles.
 MAGNETIC FORCE
• If you are given two bar magnets with their poles
marked. To distinguish the north and south poles of the
magnets, place the magnets on a flat surface. You will
have to observe and record the directions of the
magnetic force when:

• A N-pole is brought near to another N-pole

• A S-pole is brought near to another S-pole

• A S-pole is brought near to a N-pole

The experiment will reveal that the magnets exert forces

on each other:

-Like poles repel; unlike poles attract

-The force decreases as the distance between the

magnets increases, and vice-versa. This is an inverse
relationship.
 MAGNETIC FIELDS

• A magnetic field is region in which a magnetic force acts.

• You can investigate a magnetic field by using a plotting compass. The
compass has a needle that always align itself in the direction of the field in
which it is placed. The end of the needle that points north when freely
suspended is a north pole. As mentioned before like poles will repel and
unlike poles will attract.
• A magnetic field can be plotted using the plotting compass method:
Plotting Magnetic Field Lines GCSE Physics Required Practical
 PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY MAGNET

• An electromagnet is a magnet
whose magnetic field is created by
an electric current, and it's made
by passing electricity through a coil
of wire, often wrapped around a
magnetic core like
iron. Electromagnet is a temporary
magnet.
PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY
MAGNET
ELECTROMAGNETISM
 MAGNETIC FIELD PATTERNS AROUND
CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS
1. Magnetic Field Around a Straight Wire:
• Materials:
• A length of insulated copper wire
• A low-voltage DC power supply (e.g., a battery pack)
• A piece of cardboard
• Iron filings or small compasses
• Connecting wires

• Procedure:
• Pass the copper wire vertically through a hole in the center of the cardboard.
• Connect the wire to the power supply, creating a circuit.
• Using Iron Filings:
• Sprinkle iron filings evenly onto the cardboard.
• Turn on the power supply.
• Gently tap the cardboard.
• Observe the pattern formed by the iron filings. They will align themselves in concentric circles around the wire, indicating the magnetic field lines.
•Using Compasses:
•Place several small compasses on the cardboard around the wire.
•Turn on the power supply.
•Observe the direction the compass needles point. They will align
themselves in circles around the wire, showing the direction of the magnetic
field.
•Observations:
•The magnetic field lines form circular loops around the wire.
•The density of the field lines decreases as you move further away from the
wire, indicating a weaker magnetic field.
•By reversing the direction of the current, the compass needles will point in
the opposite direction.

•Please watch video below:

Magnetic Field Pattern due to Electric Current in a Straight Wire

 MAGNETIC FIELD PATTERNS AROUND
CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS
2. Magnetic Field Around a Coil (Solenoid):
•Materials:
•Insulated copper wire
•A low-voltage DC power supply
•A cardboard or a surface to hold the coil.
•Iron filings or small compasses.
•Connecting wires.
•Procedure:
•Wind the copper wire into a coil (solenoid).
•Place the coil on the cardboard.
•Connect the coil to the power supply.
•Using Iron filings:
•Sprinkle iron filings onto the cardboard around the coil.
•Turn on the power supply.
•Gently tap the cardboard.
•Observe the pattern formed by the iron filings. The pattern will resemble that of a bar magnet,
with field lines emerging from one end of the coil and entering the other.
•Using Compasses:
•Place compasses around and inside the coil.
•Turn on the power supply.
•Observe the direction of the compass needles. You'll observe that inside the solenoid the field
•lines are fairly parallel, and outside the solenoid the field lines loop from one end of the solenoid to the
other.
•Observations:
•The magnetic field pattern of a solenoid is similar to that of a bar magnet.
•The magnetic field inside the solenoid is relatively uniform and strong.
•The strength of the magnetic field increases with the number of coils in the solenoid and the amount of
current.

•Please watch videos below:

Magnetic Field Demo: Solenoid

(83) Clear demonstration of the magnetic field around a solenoid - YouTube
 RIGHT HAND RULE
The right-hand rules are essential tools in electromagnetism for determining the direction of magnetic
fields, forces, and currents. Here's a breakdown of the right-hand grip rule and the right-hand screw rule:
1. Right-Hand Grip Rule:
•Purpose:
•This rule is used to determine the direction of the magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor.
•How it works:
•Imagine gripping the wire with your right hand, with your thumb pointing in the direction of the
•conventional current (positive to negative).
•Your curled fingers then indicate the direction of the circular magnetic field lines around the wire.
•This rule is also used to determine the direction of the magnetic field inside a solenoid. If you curl
•your fingers in the direction of the current flow in the coil of the solenoid, your thumb will point to the
•north pole of the solenoid.
•Applications:
•Determining the magnetic field around a straight wire.
•Determining the magnetic field inside a solenoid (coil).

What Is The Right Hand Grip Rule?

 RIGHT HAND SCREW RULE
2. Right-Hand Screw Rule:
•Purpose:
•This rule is closely related to the right-hand grip rule and is often used interchangeably.
•It's particularly helpful in visualizing the relationship between rotational and linear motion in
•electromagnetism.
•It is also used to define the direction of vector cross products.
•How it works:
•Imagine turning a standard (right-handed) screw.
•If you turn the screw clockwise, it advances inward. This corresponds to the direction of the
magnetic
•field when the current is flowing in a certain way.
•In vector cross products, if you curl your fingers from the first vector to the second vector, your
thumb
•points in the direction of the resultant vector.
•Applications:
•Relating the direction of current and magnetic field.
•Determining the direction of a vector resulting from a cross product.
 COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF AN
ELECTROMAGNET
When discussing electromagnets in a starter motor system, it's important to differentiate between a couple of key areas where they
play a role:
•The Solenoid (Magnetic Relay):
•This is a crucial electromagnet within the starter system.
•Its function is to:
•Engage the starter motor's pinion gear with the engine's flywheel.
•Close the high-current electrical circuit that powers the starter motor.
•Essentially, it uses magnetic force to act as a heavy-duty switch.
•The Starter Motor Itself:
•The starter motor itself is also an electric motor, and electric motors function by using electromagnetism.
•Inside the starter motor:
•Electromagnets (field coils) create a magnetic field.
•This magnetic field interacts with the magnetic field of the armature (which is also an electromagnet), causing the
armature to rotate.
•This rotation is what turns the engine's flywheel.
Therefore, electromagnets are essential to the starter motor system in two ways:
•One electromagnet (the solenoid) acts as a switch.
•Other electromagnets within the motor itself provide the force to turn the engine.

•How an Engine Starter Motor Works

• When a current-carrying wire is
placed perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field, the resultant
magnetic flux pattern shows a force
acting on the wire, perpendicular to
both the current and the magnetic
field direction.
 FLEMING’S LEFT- HAND (MOTOR) RULE

Fleming's left-hand rule is a valuable tool for understanding the forces at play within an electric motor. Here's a breakdown of how it works and
how to apply it:
What Fleming's Left-Hand Rule Is:
• It's a visual mnemonic used to determine the direction of the force acting on a current-carrying conductor within a magnetic field.
• This is crucial for understanding how electric motors function.
How to Apply It:
1. Position Your Hand:
1. Hold your left hand so that your thumb, forefinger (index finger), and middle finger are all at right angles to each other.
2. Assign Directions:
1. Forefinger: Points in the direction of the magnetic field.
2. Middle finger: Points in the direction of the conventional current (positive to negative).
3. Thumb: Points in the direction of the resulting force (motion) on the conductor.
3. Remembering the Directions:
1. A common mnemonic is:
1. Force (Thumb)
2. B Field (Forefinger)
3. I Current (Middle finger)
Applications:
• Electric Motors:
• This rule is fundamental to understanding how electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• By knowing the direction of the magnetic field and the current, you can determine the direction the motor's armature will
rotate.

• Loudspeakers:
• Loudspeakers use the same principles. The current that is passed through the speaker, combined with the magnetic field
from a permanent magnet, causes the speaker cone to move.

• Any Device with a Current in a Magnetic Field:

• Any situation where a current carrying wire is within a magnetic field.

• Please see demonstration below:

Flemings Left Hand Rule

 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE FORCE ON A
CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A
MAGNETIC FIELD
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. The
magnitude of this force is influenced by several key factors:
1. Strength of the Magnetic Field (B):
•A stronger magnetic field exerts a greater force on the conductor.
•The force is directly proportional to the magnetic flux density (B).
2. Magnitude of the Current (I):
•A larger current flowing through the conductor results in a stronger force.
•The force is directly proportional to the current (I).
3. Length of the Conductor (L):
•The length of the conductor that is within the magnetic field also affects the force.
•A longer conductor experiences a greater force.
•The force is directly proportional to the length (L)
MOTORS
A DC (Direct Current) motor is a device that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Its operation relies on the fundamental principles of
electromagnetism. Here's a breakdown of how it works:
Basic Components:
•Armature (Rotor):
•This is the rotating part of the motor. It consists of coils of wire wound
around an iron core.

•Stator:
•This is the stationary part of the motor. It provides the magnetic field.
This can be done by permanent magnets, or electromagnets (field
windings).
•Commutator:
•A split ring that is connected to the armature windings. Its function is to
reverse the direction of the current in the armature coils every half
rotation.
•Brushes:
•Stationary conductors (usually made of carbon) that make electrical
contact with the commutator. They provide the path for the current to
flow from the external power source to the armature.
•Field magnets:
•These magnets produce the magnetic field that the armature rotates within.
How it Works:
1.Magnetic Fields:
•When a DC current flows through the armature coils, it creates a magnetic field around the coils.
•The stator (either permanent magnets or electromagnets) also produces a magnetic field.
2.Interaction of Fields:
•The magnetic field of the armature interacts with the magnetic field of the stator.
•This interaction results in a force that causes the armature to rotate. This force is described by
Fleming's left-hand rule.
3.Commutation:
•As the armature rotates, the commutator segments switch contact with the brushes.
•This switching reverses the direction of the current in the armature coils.
•Reversing the current reverses the polarity of the armature's magnetic field.
•This ensures that the force on the armature continues to cause rotation in the same direction.
4.Continuous Rotation:
•The continuous switching of the current direction by the commutator results in a continuous
rotational force, causing the armature to spin.

How does an Electric Motor work? (DC Motor)

 SIMPLE ACTIVITIES WHICH
DEMONSTRATE AN INDUCED E.M.F
. 1. Moving a Magnet Through a Coil:
• Materials:
• A coil of insulated copper wire (a solenoid)
• A strong bar magnet
• A galvanometer (or a sensitive voltmeter)

• Procedure:
• Connect the ends of the coil to the galvanometer.
• Quickly push the north pole of the bar magnet into the coil.
• Observe the deflection of the galvanometer needle.
• Quickly pull the magnet out of the coil.
• Observe the deflection of the galvanometer needle again.
• Repeat the experiment, but with the south pole of the magnet.
• Also try holding the magnet still inside the coil.
• Observations:
• The galvanometer needle deflects when the magnet is moving into or out of the
coil, indicating an induced current.
• The direction of the deflection changes when the magnet's motion is reversed or
when the opposite pole is used.
• When the magnet is held still inside the coil, no current is induced.

• Explanation:
• The moving magnet changes the magnetic flux linked with the coil, inducing an
EMF and causing a current to flow.
2. Moving a Coil in a Magnetic Field:
• Materials:
• A coil of insulated copper wire
• Strong horseshoe magnet or two bar magnets facing each other.
• A galvanometer (or sensitive voltmeter)
• Connecting wires

• Procedure:
• Connect the coil to the galvanometer.
• Place the coil between the poles of the magnet.
• Quickly move the coil up or down, or sideways, within the magnetic field.
• Observe the deflection of the galvanometer needle.
• Try moving the coil at different speeds.
• Try holding the coil still.
• Observations:
• The galvanometer needle deflects when the coil is moving within the magnetic
field, indicating an induced current.
• The faster the coil moves, the greater the deflection.
• When the coil is held still, no current is induced.

• Explanation:
• Moving the coil changes the magnetic flux linked with the coil, inducing an EMF
and causing a current to flow.
3. Rotating a Coil in a Magnetic Field (Simple Generator):
• Materials:
• A coil of insulated copper wire
• Strong horseshoe magnet or two bar magnets facing each other.
• A galvanometer (or sensitive voltmeter)
• A way to rotate the coil (e.g., by hand).
• Connecting wires

• Procedure:
• Connect the coil to the galvanometer.
• Place the coil between the poles of the magnet.
• Rotate the coil.
• Observe the deflection of the galvanometer needle.
• Try rotating the coil at different speeds.
• Observations:
• The galvanometer needle deflects as the coil rotates, indicating an induced
current.
• The deflection increases with the speed of rotation.
• The direction of the deflection alternates as the coil rotates.

• Explanation:
• Rotating the coil causes a continuous change in the magnetic flux linked with the
coil, inducing an alternating EMF and current. This is the basic principle of an AC
generator.
 SIMPLE EXPERIMENTS TO SHOW THE
MAGNITUDE OF THE INDUCED E.M.F.
• Physics - Understanding Electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electromagnetic
force (EMF) – Physics
• Lenz's law animation | direction of induced emf | English subtitle #swaj #lenz
law #animation
 A.C. GENERATOR
An AC (Alternating Current) generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy in the form of alternating current. Its operation is based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. Here's a breakdown of how it works:
Basic Components:
•Armature (Rotor):
•This is the rotating part, typically a coil of wire.

•Stator:
•This is the stationary part, which provides the magnetic field. This can be done by
permanent magnets or electromagnets.
•Slip Rings:
•These are metal rings connected to the ends of the armature coil. They rotate with the
armature.
•Brushes:
•These are stationary conductors that make contact with the slip rings. They provide a
path for the induced current to flow to an external circuit
How it Works:

1.Electromagnetic Induction:
•The fundamental principle is Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which states that a
changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor.
2.Rotation:
•The armature coil is rotated within the magnetic field provided by the stator. This rotation can
be powered by various sources, such as turbines driven by water, steam, or wind.
3.Changing Magnetic Flux:
•As the coil rotates, the amount of magnetic flux (the magnetic field lines passing through the
coil) changes continuously.
•This change in magnetic flux induces an EMF (voltage) in the coil.
4. Induced Current:
•The induced EMF causes an electric current to flow in the coil.
5. Alternating Current:
•As the coil continues to rotate, the direction of the induced current reverses with each half rotation.
•This reversal of current direction results in an alternating current (AC).

6. Slip Rings and Brushes:

•The slip rings and brushes provide a continuous electrical connection between the rotating armature
and the stationary external circuit.
•They allow the AC current to be transferred from the rotating coil to the external load.
A.C. AND D.C. MOTIONS
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
electromagnetic induction. It works on the principle of mutual induction, which is a specific case of
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Here's a breakdown of its operation:
Basic Components:

•Primary Coil: The coil connected to the input AC voltage source.

•Secondary Coil: The coil connected to the output load.

•Core: A laminated iron core that provides a path for the magnetic flux.
Principle of Operation:
1.AC Input:
•When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary coil, it creates a continuously
changing magnetic field around it.
2.Magnetic Flux:
•This changing magnetic field creates a changing magnetic flux in the iron core.
3.Mutual Induction:
•The changing magnetic flux in the core links with the secondary coil.
•According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, this changing magnetic flux induces an
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary coil.
4.Induced Voltage:
•The induced voltage in the secondary coil causes an alternating current to flow through the
secondary circuit if a load is connected.
The use of alternating current (AC) for transferring electrical energy has several significant advantages, which have
contributed to its widespread adoption in power grids around the world. Here are the key advantages:
• Efficient Voltage Transformation:
• One of the most significant advantages of AC is that its voltage can be easily and efficiently transformed using
transformers.
• This allows for the voltage to be stepped up for long-distance transmission, which significantly reduces energy losses due
to resistance in the transmission lines.
• Then, the voltage can be stepped down to safer levels for residential and commercial use.

• Reduced Energy Loss During Transmission:

• By transmitting electricity at high voltages, the current is reduced, and since power loss is proportional to the square of the
current, this dramatically minimizes energy loss.
• This makes long-distance transmission of electricity much more efficient.

• Ease of Generation:
• AC generators are generally simpler and more cost-effective to build than DC generators.

• Versatility:
• AC is highly versatile and can be used to power a wide range of electrical devices and appliances.
• Many electric motors are designed to operate on AC power.
Voltage Transformation:
•The ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil (Np) to the number of turns in the secondary coil
(Ns) determines the voltage transformation ratio.
•If Ns > Np, the transformer is a step-up transformer, and the output voltage (Vs) is higher than the
input voltage (Vp).
•If Ns < Np, the transformer is a step-down transformer, and the output voltage is lower than the input
voltage.
•The relationship is expressed as:
•Vs/Vp = Ns/Np