Scribd
Upload
8 views24 pages

Topic 1.2 Movement of Substances

The document discusses the structure and function of cell membranes, highlighting their selectively permeable nature and the fluid mosaic model that describes their composition. It explains the roles of phospholipids, proteins, and other components in membrane transport mechanisms, including passive and active transport. Additionally, it covers the processes of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and bulk transport, detailing how substances move in and out of cells.

Uploaded by

KassyKas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views24 pages

Topic 1.2 Movement of Substances

The document discusses the structure and function of cell membranes, highlighting their selectively permeable nature and the fluid mosaic model that describes their composition. It explains the roles of phospholipids, proteins, and other components in membrane transport mechanisms, including passive and active transport. Additionally, it covers the processes of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and bulk transport, detailing how substances move in and out of cells.

Uploaded by

KassyKas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

YEAR 11 SACE

BIOLOGY
TOPIC 1: CELLS AND MICROORGANISMS
CELL MEMBRANE
TRANSPORT IN CELLS
Role of the Cell Membrane
 The cell membrane is described as
“selectively permeable”
 How does this feature relate to the
job/function of the cell membrane?
 Cell membrane acts as a “guard”
 Allows nutrients into cell
 Allows for removal of wastes and release of
substances made by the cell that are
needed by other cells.
Structure of membranes
 1972, Singer and Nicolson identified a model to describe the
structure of membrane  fluid mosaic model

 Fluid= phospholipids & proteins can move about by diffusion


 Phospholipids move sideways – but in their own layers
 Proteins move within the bilayer
 Mosaic = pattern produced by scattered protein molecules
when the surface of the membrane is viewed from above
Features of the fluid mosaic model
 Totalthickness of membrane ~ 7 nm
 Double layer (bilayer) phospholipid
membrane
 Each layer move by diffusion within their
monolayers
 Contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions
components of cell membrane

a. Phospholipids

b. Proteins

c. Glycolipids

d. Glycoproteins

e. Cholesterol
Cell membranes contain special lipids known
as phospholipids
 Phospholipids: Composed of
 two fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol
molecule and phosphate group.
Phosphate Group Fatty Acid Chains

Polar phosphate head

Hydrophobic
fatty acid tail
Glycerol
Phospholipids

 Have a hydrophilic “head” that


“loves” water (both are polar)
 Hydrophilicheads form outside of
layer so they can touch water inside
and outside cell
 Have a hydrophobic “tail”
(hydrocarbon chain) that “fears”
water (is non-polar)
 Hydrophobic tails face interior of
bilayer so they can avoid water
Role of proteins
 Transport protein – provide hydrophilic
channels for ions and polar molecules to pass
through membrane
 2 types of transport protein : - channel
proteins and carrier proteins
 Each transport protein specific for particular
ion/molecule – can control types of substances
that enter/leave the cell
Other components of the fluid mosaic model

 Glycoproteins - short carbohydrate chain attached to


protein
 Glycolipids – short carbohydrate chain attach to
phospholipid
 Cholesterol – in the

membrane
Movement of substances into and out of cells

5 basic mechanisms: Passive transport – simple diffusion, facilitated


diffusion and osmosis
- Moving down the concentration gradient (high –
low)
- no ATP required
a. Simple diffusion
Active transport
b. Facilitated diffusion - moving against the concentration gradient (low –
high)
c. Osmosis - ATP required

d. Active transport
Active process – bulk transport (endocytosis and
e. Bulk transport exocytosis)
- Required ATP
- No concentration gradient required
Diffusion

 Net movement as a result of ……………. motion


(kinetic energy) of its molecules/ions of a substance
from a region of its ………………. concentration to a
region of its …………………. concentration
 Molecules/ions move down a ………………………..
 Result of movement – reach ……………
DIFFUSION
Diffusion is a PASSIVE process which means no energy is used to
make the molecules move, they have a natural kinetic energy.

AS Biology, Cell membranes and Transport 15


What determines the rate of diffusion?
There 4 factors:

1. The steepness of the concentration gradient. The bigger the


difference between the two sides of the membrane the quicker the
rate of diffusion.

2. Temperature. Higher temperatures give molecules or ions more


kinetic energy. Molecules move around faster, so diffusion is faster.

3. The surface area. The greater the surface area the faster the
diffusion can take place. This is because the more molecules or
ions can cross the membrane at any one moment.

4. The type of molecule or ion diffusing. Large molecules need more


energy to get them to move so they tend to diffuse more slowly.
Non-polar molecules diffuse more easily than polar molecules
because they are soluble in the non polar phospholipid tails.
16
Molecules that diffuse through cell membranes
1. Oxygen – Non-polar
so diffuses very
quickly.

2. Carbon dioxide –
Polar but very
small so diffuses
quickly.

3. Water – Polar but


also very small so
diffuses quickly.

17
Facilitated diffusion
 Large polar molecules (i.e glucose, amino acid)
and ions (i.e. Na+ and Cl- ) cannot pass through
phospholipid bilayer
 Can only cross with the help of certain proteins
– process known as facilitated diffusion
 2 types of proteins involved: ………………….
and ……………………
 Each highly specific – allowing only one type of
molecule/ion to pass
20
Osmosis

 Movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to


a concentrated solution through a partially permeable
membrane is ……………………….
Active Transport

 Cellsmove molecules from an area of LOW


concentration to an area of HIGH concentration
 Molecules move AGAINST the concentration
gradient
 Requires the cell to use energy in the form of ATP
Bulk transport

 Endocytosis: Process in which cells ingest fluids,


macromolecules, and large particles that are
outside the cell
Bulk transport

 Exocytosis: how cells release large molecules


(proteins) or get rid of large amounts of wastes

You might also like