Managing Risk for Better Life
Load and Stress Analysis –
Internal and External Loading
Day 1 – Session IV
Ahmad Taufik, M.Eng, Ph.D
Pipeline Risk and Integrity Specialist
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Part I
Other Loading System and Stress Calculation
ASME B31.8 - Chapter III
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Other Loading System and Stress Calculation
Internal Pressure
o Axial Stress
o Circumferential Stress
Construction & Laying
o Bending Stress
o Torsion Stress
o Residual Axial Stress
o Residual Stress due to Weld Defect
External Loading
o Horizontal Stress due to Ground Movement
o Cyclic Loading Stress due to Vehicles
o Axial Stress due to Ground Movement
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Other Loading and Force System on Pipe Section
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Tabel 3.1. Thermal Expansion or
Expansion and Flexibility Contraction of Piping Materials C-Steels &
LA High Tensile Steel and Wrought Iron
Approximate Expansiion or
Temperature
Contraction, in./100 ft (mm/m)
(°F/°C)
Above or Below 32 °F (0 °C)
-125 (-87) 1.2 (1.0)
-100 (-74) 1.0 (0.8)
-75 (-60) 0.8 (0.7)
-50 (-45) 0.6 (0.5)
0 (-18) 0.2 (0.2)
32 (0) 0.0 (0.0)
60 (16) 0.2 (0.2)
100 (38) 0.5 (0.4)
125 (52) 0.7 (0.6)
150 (66) 0.9 (0.8)
175 (79) 1.1 (0.9)
200 (93) 1.3 (1.1)
225 (107) 1.5 (1.3)
250 (121) 1.7 (1.4)
300 (149) 2.2 (1.8)
350 (177) 2.6 (2.2)
400 (204) 3.0 (2.5)
450 (232) 3.5 (2.9)
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Piping System shall be designed to have sufficient flexibility to prevent
expansion or contraction from causing excessive stresses in the piping
material.
Excessive bending, or unusual loads/force at joints or connection to
equipment , or at anchorage or guide points
Flexibility shall be provided ; a) Bends, b) Loop or offsets, c) expansion
joint.
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The significance of all parts of the line and all restraints, such as rigid
supports or guides shall be considered.
Calculating shall take into account stress intensification factors found to
exist in components other than plain straight pipe.
Properties of pipe and fittings for these calculation shall be based on
nominal dimensions, and E = 1.00
The total range in temperature from minimum design temperature to the
maximum design temperature shall be considered in all expansion stress
calculation.
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Flexibility calculation shall be based on the modulus of elasticity
corresponding to the lowest temperature of the operational cycle.
In order to modify the effect of expansion and contraction, runs of pipe may
be cold-sprung.
Reaction forces and moments to be used in the design of restraints and
supports for piping system, and in evaluating the effects of piping
displacements on connected equipment, shall be consider the full range of
thermal displacement conditions plus weight and external loads.
The reaction for thermal displacement shall be calculated using the elastic
modulus corresponding to the lowest temperature of an operational cycle
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The modulus of elasticity for carbon and low alloy steel at various
temperatures is given in table 3.2. Values between listed temperatures may
be linearly interpolated.
Table 3.2 Modulus of Elasticity for
Carbon and Low Alloy Steel
Temperature Modulus of elasticity psi x 10^6
(°F/°C) (Gpa)
-100 (-73) 30.2 (208)
70 (21) 29.5 (203)
200 (93) 28.8 (198)
300 (149) 28.3 (195)
400 (204) 27.7 (191)
500 (260) 27.3 (188)
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Design for Longitudinal Stress
The restraint condition is a factor in the structural behavior of the pipeline.
The degree of pipeline may be affected by aspects of pipeline construction,
support design, soil properties, and terrain.
Piping in which soil or supports prevent axial displacement or flexure at
bends is “restrained”.
Piping that is free to displace axially or flex at bends is “unrestrained”
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Calculation of longitudinal stress components
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Data:
· Dimensi Pipa
Hoop Stress:
· Tekanan,
· Temperatur,
· Jenis Material
Bending Stress
Straight Pipe or Fittings and
Restrained Pipeline: Thermal Expansion: Axial Loading:
Large Radius Bend: Component:
SX = R/A
SB = MR*/Z
Longitudinal Stress:
No
SL ≤ 0.9 ST Fail
Yes
*Note:
Safe
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Mulai
Data:
· Dimensi Pipa
Hoop Stress:
· Tekanan,
· Temperatur,
· Jenis Material
Bending Stress
Straight Pipe or Fittings and
Unrestrained Pipeline: Axial Loading:
Large Radius Bend: Component:
SX = R/A
SB = MR*/Z
Longitudinal Stress:
No
SL ≤ 0.75 ST Fail
Yes
*Note: Safe
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3.3.7. Flexibility Analysis for Unrestrained Piping
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Local Stress
High local stresses are usually generated at structural discontinuities
Although they may exceed the material yield strength, such stresses may
often be disregarded because they are localized in influence, and may be
self limiting or relieved by local deformation.
The maximum allowable sum of circumferential stress due to internal
pressure and circumferential through-wall bending stress caused by surface
vehicle loads or other local loads is 0.9ST.
Local Stresses caused by periodic or repetitive (cyclic) loads may require
further limitations in consideration of fatigue.
Buckling and Lateral Instability
In order to prevent buckling in the form of wrinkling of the pipe wall or lateral
instability, the maximum allowable net compressive stress is 2/3 of the
critical buckling stress estimated using a suitable stability criterion.
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Supports and Anchorage for Exposed Piping
Piping and equipment shall be supported in a substantial and workmanlike
manner, so as to prevent or reduce excessive vibration, and shall be
anchored sufficiently to prevent undue strains on connected equipment.
Supports, hangers, and anchors should be so installed as not to interfere
with the free expansion and contraction of the piping between anchors.
All permanent hangers, supports, and anchors shall be fabricated from
durable incombustible materials and designed and installed in accordance
with good engineering practice for the service condition involved.
All exposed pipe joints shall be able to sustain the maximum end force,
lb(N), due to the internal pressure, the design pressure times the internal
area of the pipe, as well as any additional forces due to temperature
expansion or contraction or to the weight of pipe and contents.
If compression or sleeve type couplings are used in exposed piping,
provision shall be made to sustain the longitudinal forces noted in above.
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Anchorage for Buried Piping
Bends or offsets buried pipe cause longitudinal forces that must be resisted
by anchoraged at the bend, by restraint due to friction of the soil, or by
longitudinal stresses in the pipe.
If the pipe is anchored by bearing at the bend, care shall be taken to
distribute the load on the soil so that the bearing pressure is within safe
limits for the soil involved.
Where there is doubt as to the adequacy of restraint friction, calculation
shall be made, and indicated anchoring shall be installed.
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If anchorage is not provided at the bend, pipe joints that are close to the
points of thrust origin shall be designed to sustain the longitudinal pull out
force. If such provision is not made in the manufacture of the joints, suitable
bracing or strapping shall be provided.
In pipelines, especially those that are highly stressed from internal pressure,
uniform and adequate support of the pipe in the trench is essential. Unequal
settlements may produce added bending stresses in the pipe.
Rock shield shall not be draped over the pipe unless suitable backfill and
padding are placed in the ditch to provide a continuous and adequate
support of the pipe in the trench.
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Part II
Stress Analysis for Various Loading System
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STEEL PIPELINE DESIGN AND STRESS ANALYSIS
Sequences of Steel Pipeline Design
1. Flow rate is required at down stream related to end user demand
(future projection & other consideration)
2. Internal pressure and inside diamater is calculated
3. Thickness associated with specific pipe material are determined
4. Stress Analysis (free span, during laying & earth load) is conducted
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SRESS ANALYSIS
Pipe stress analysis provides the necessary technique for
engineers to design piping systems without over stressing and
over loading the piping components and connected equipment.
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STRESS ANALYSIS
Span analysis
- Based on limitation of stress
- Based on limitation of deflection
Where:
L = allowable pipe span, ft
Z = modulus, in3
w = weight of pipe lb/ft
Δ = allowable deflection
I = moment inertia
E = modulus of elasticity
L
Sh = allowable tensile Pipeline
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STRESS ANALYSIS
Stress During Laying
CASE 1. Beam with end lift point.
Plot of Case 1, Beam with end lift point, calculated nom-
inal bending stresses
σmax = maximum stress (psi) Nominal Bending Stress (ksi) 100000
w = pipe weight (lb/ft) 80000
y = distance from normal axis (D/2) 60000 16 inch OD, 0.5 inch wall
Allowable Stress
I = moment inertia 40000
h = lift height 20000
E = modulus of elasticity 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Lift Height (ft)
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STRESS ANALYSIS
Stress during laying
CASE 2.
Beam with central lift point.
Plot of Case 2, Beam with central lift point, calculated nominal
bending stresses
100000
Nominal Bending Stress (ksi)
80000
60000 16 inch OD, 0.5 inch wall
Allowable Stress
40000
20000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Lift Height (ft)
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STRESS ANALYSIS
Stress during laying
CASE 3. Cantilever sagging under own weight.
Plot of Case 3, cantilever sagging under own weight, calculated
nominal bending stresses
100000
Nominal Bending Stress (ksi)
80000
60000 16 inch OD, 0.5 inch wall
Allowable Stress
40000
20000
0
0 50 100 150
Length (ft)
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STRESS ANALYSIS
Stress during laying
CASE 4. Fixed span.
Plot of Case 4, fixed span, calculated nominal bending
stresses
Nominal Bending Stress (ksi)
100000
80000
16 inch OD, 0.5 inch wall
60000
Allowable Stress
40000
20000
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Span Length (ft)
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STRESS ANALYSIS
Stress during laying
CASE 5. Freely supported span.
Plot of Case 5, freely supported span, calculated nominal bending
stresses
100000
Nominal Bending Stress (ksi)
80000
60000 16 inch OD, 0.5 inch wall
Allowable Stress
40000
20000
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Span Length (ft)
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STRESS ANALYSIS
Stress during laying
CASE 6. Torsion of the pipe.
Plot of Case 6, torsion of the pipe, calculated nominal bending
stresses
100000
Nominal Bending Stress (ksi)
τmax = maximum torsion 80000
Φ = rotasion angle 60000 16 inch OD, 0.5 inch wall
Allowable Stress
G = shear modulus 40000
OD = outside diameter 20000
L = pipe length 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Rotated Length (ft)
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Reference
o Gas Pipeline Hydraulic Handbook, E Sashi Menon 2005, Newyork:
Taylor & Francis
o Pipeline Rule of Thumb: McAllister
o ASME B31.8: Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems:
2010
o Pipe Stress Analysis. Sam Kannappan, P.E. 1986. Tennessee: John
Wiley & Sons
o An Analysis Of The Stresses Incurred In Pipe During Laying
Operations C. Scott, B. Etheridge And P. Vieth CC Technologies Inc
(A DNV Company) 5777 Frantz Road Dublin, Ohio, USA.
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