Materi kuliah GD3204 Fotogrametri I, Semester II-2010/2011
Chapter 3
Imaging Devices
and its Platforms
Compiled & developed by
Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir., M.Sc.
[email protected]
KK Inderaja & Sains Informasi Geografis
Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Contents (Chapter 3)
• Introduction
• Metric (Film) Cameras for Aerial Mapping
• Small- and Medium-Format Cameras for Aerial Mapping
• Auxiliary Devices for Aerial Mapping Cameras
• Camera Calibration
• Platforms for Photogrammetric Sensing Systems
• Digital Aerial Cameras
• Problems
• References
• Tugas No.
Contents (Chapter 3A)
• Introduction
• Metric (Film) Cameras for Aerial Mapping
• Small- and Medium-Format Cameras for Aerial Mapping
• Auxiliary Devices for Aerial Mapping Cameras
Contents (Chapter 3B)
• Camera Calibration
• Platforms for Photogrammetric Sensing Systems
Materi kuliah GD3204 Fotogrametri I, Semester II-2010/2011
Chapter 3C
Imaging Devices
and its Platforms
Compiled & developed by
Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir., M.Sc.
[email protected]
KK Inderaja & Sains Informasi Geografis
Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Contents (Chapter 3C)
• Digital Aerial Cameras (part 1)
Topics Discussed
Statement on history of development of digital cameras (part 1)
Requirements for development of digital aerial cameras
Two solutions in development of digital aerial cameras
– Pushbroom system
Leica Geosystems ADS40
– Multiple frame cameras
Intergraph DMC
Vexcel UltraCam (part 2 / Chapter 3D)
D
DiMAC (part 3 / Chapter 3E)
Characteristics of Digital Aerial Images
Reported Experiences with Digital Cameras
Advantages of digital cameras
Unresolved questions
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
• General Functionality of Electronic Imaging Systems
• High Resolution Digital Aerial Cameras
• Comparison Film-based and CCD Cameras
DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL
CAMERAS
Development of Digital Cameras
Steve Sasson (Kodak) developed the first digital camera 30 years
ago
Based on small CCD sensors from Fairchild Corporation with
100x100 pixels.
Now 20-25 years on, digital cameras have adequate resolution and
size to match the quality of film cameras
Sasson states that film will still be used for photography for some
niche areas
Digital imaging will largely replace film for almost all applications –
[but how much for aerial photography?]
Future developments in photography are hard to predict, but
almost limitless.
There are more uses for images and more images being taken than
ever before.
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
High Resolution Digital Aerial Cameras
Digital photogrammetry has developed significantly over the past
15 years
Include efficient software for the production of DEMs, orthophotos
and vector mapping
Development of digital aerial cameras has taken time, due to
demands of:
– Large area coverage
– High spatial resolution – of the order of 400Mpixels or GSD of 10cm to 20cm
– High geometric accuracy
– Efficient management of TBytes of image data during imaging
It is expected that developments will take advantage of the
characteristics of digital technologies
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
Comparison of film-based and CCD Cameras (1)
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Comparison of film-based and CCD Cameras (2)
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
Comparison of film-based and CCD Cameras (3)
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
• Hardware Components of Digital Cameras
• High Resolution Digital Aerial Cameras
• Digital Aerial Camera Concepts
DIGITAL AERIAL CAMERA CONCEPTS
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
High Resolution Digital Aerial Cameras
Two solutions for development of digital aerial camera now
available
– Three linear arrays look forward, vertically and backwards to
form three separate images as the aircraft moves over the
terrain surface.
Images not perspective projections
System must include GPS/INS
– Images from smaller area arrays are stitched together to form a
larger frame image, which will have similar dimensions to a
frame aerial film camera
Images will be perspective projections
No GPS/INS system required
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Camera Concepts
ADS40
Single lens sensor with 10 channels generates endless pixel carpets
DMS UltraCam
Multi lens sensors with up to eight lenses generates patchwork frames
Digital Camera Concepts
digital frames
pixel carpets
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
• Leica ADS40 / ADS80
THREE LINEAR ARRAYS CAMERAS
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Three-line Pushbroom Scanner
Backward scene Nadir scene Forward scene
composed composed composed
of backward view lines of nadir view lines of forward view lines
Backward
Nadir
Forward
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
Data Acquisition by LEICA Geosystems
ADS40
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Push-broom Sensors
The geometry of the complete image is not a perspective
projection. Hence, special software is required.
GPS/IMU system is essential to determine the camera exterior
orientation (positions and attitude) during flight – extra cost
Linear arrays are less subject to loss of pixels
If bad pixels do occur, fewer pixels available to interpolate lost data
Linear arrays are claimed to have larger dynamic range
Linear arrays in principle are more suited to smaller scale
imaging because of motion of the aircraft.
Linear array systems have recently demonstrated GSD of 5 cm
Most linear array systems enable the acquisition of only 3 images
per point along-track, but multiple imaging is possible across-track
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
ADS40 Image
Unrectified Rectified
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Leica Geosystems ADS40 vs Wehrli 3-DAS-1
Focal length 62.5 mm 110mm (or 80mm)
Pixel size (pitch) 6.5 m 9 m
Panchromatic line 2 * 12000 pixel (staggered) 3 * 8023 pixels
RGB and NIR line 12000 pixels n/a
FoV (across track) 46° 36°
Stereo angle forward to nadir 26° 26°
Stereo angle forward to backward 42° - B/H=0.77 42° - B/H=0.77
Stereo angle nadir to backward 16° 16°
Dynamic range 12-bit 14-bits
Ground sample distance 16 cm at 3000 m altitude 18cm at 2200m
Swath width (3000 m Altitude) 3.75 km 3.75km at 2200m
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
Leica ADS80
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
(Sensor Spotlight)
(Leica ADS80)
Leica ADS80
System (Leica PAV 80 Gyro Stabilized
Mount)
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
Leica RCD 100
Medium-Format
Mapping Camera
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Intergraph DMC (Digital Mapping Camera)
Vexcel Ultracam
DiMAC (Digital Modular Aerial Camera)
MULTIPLE FRAME CAMERAS
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Multiple Frame Cameras
The images have the same perspective geometry as normal
aerial images
No GPS/IMU system is required
There are many more neighbouring pixels from which to
interpolate new pixel values for the erroneous data
Array imaging enables aerial triangulation of multiple
redundant frame images leading to high geometric accuracy
If a high quality GPS/IMU system is installed for direct
orientation, aerial triangulation may be avoided
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
INTERGRAPH DMC
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Intergraph DMC Camera System
4 se p a ra te c a m e ra
he a d s
C a m e ra he a d s
Are a s c o ve re d b y e a c h c a m e ra 2D vie w o f two c a m e ra he a d s
06/06/2025 01:50 PM Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM 35
Image Processing
4 overlapping images image mosaicing
• apply camera calibration
parameters
• apply platform calibration
• tie point check
• robust adjustment
• projection to virtual perspective
• fusion with colour composite
tie point area
Combination of Sub-images to Create Single Virtual Image
3D-combination of sub-images
Bundle adjustment of
sub-image one sub-image to the
other based on tie
points
ag e
a l im
virtu
Generation of virtual image including
geometric corrections virtually image
distortion free
06/06/2025 01:50 PM Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM 37
Sample Image
Test flight Germany Feb 2002
Flying Height = 150m
GSD = 1.5cm
Velocity ~ 140 kts (70 m/sec)
Exposure time = 1/100 sec
FMC Shift ~ 50 pixels
Sample Image
Checkered Tablecloth
Grid Size ~ 2 inches
Pan-Sharpening
Panchromatic Original Color Pan-sharpened
Color
Conclusions from Accuracy Tests
Geometric accuracy better than analog camera
Less favorable B/H ratio is compensated
Excellent height accuracy
Potential to fly at higher altitudes with fewer
strips
Intergraph DMC vs Vexcel UltraCam (1)
Intergraph (formerly
Multiple Frame Cameras Z/I Imaging) DMC Vexcel UltraCam
Simultaneous Panchromatic - Syntopic data
acquisition of 4 frames acquisition of 9 frames with
camera at identical positions
- 7k x 4k
Pixel size (pitch) 12 μm 9 μm
69.3° cross track x 42° 55° cross track x 37°
along track along track
Field of View B/H=0.30 for 60% o’lap B/H=0.27 for 60% o’lap
B/H=0.60 for 20% o’lap B/H=0.50 for 20% o’lap
Panchromatic images
Lens f = 120mm / f4 f = 100mm / f5.6
7,680 x 13,824 pixels 7,500 (flight direction)
Final output x 11,500 pixels
Intergraph DMC vs Vexcel UltraCam (2)
Multiple Frame Cameras Intergraph (formerly Vexcel UltraCam
Z/I Imaging) DMC
Multi-spectral images
Lens f = 25 mm f = 28 mm / f4
Colours B, G, R, IR, alternate IR R, G, B, IR
Shutters and f-stop 1/50 – 1/300s, f4-f22 1/60 - 1/500s, f
Radiometric resolution 12-bit Better than 12-bit
Ground sampling distance 5cm @ 500m 3cm @ 300m
FMC yes yes
Materi kuliah GD3204 Fotogrametri I, Semester II-2010/2011
End of Chapter 3C, to be continued to Chapter 3D
Imaging Devices
and its Platforms
Compiled & developed by
Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir., M.Sc.
[email protected]
KK Inderaja & Sains Informasi Geografis
Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Contents (Chapter 3D)
• Digital Aerial Cameras (part 2)
Contents (Chapter 3E)
• Digital Aerial Cameras (part 3)
• Problems
• References
• Tugas No.
