PREVALENCE, PATTERN, EFFECTS AND FACTORS

INFLUENCING SOCIAL MEDIA USE AMONG

ADOLESCENTS IN OREDO GIRLS SECONDARY
SCHOOL, BENIN CITY

BY

600 LEVEL GROUP B MEDICAL STUDENTS

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN
 GROUP MEMBERS
S/N MATRIC NO NAMES
83 MED1706253 SPLENDOUR ESELE OKOOBOH
84 MED1706255 AJIRIOGHENE OGHENERUONAOKPTO
85 MED1706256 OKPUJIE OSEMUDIAMEN JOSHUA
86 MED1709013 OKUNBOR AISOSA BLESSING
87 MED1706257 OKUNDIA OWEN OSASUYI
88 MED176258 OMAGBON MARY OSAGBEMWHORHUE
89 MED1706259 OMOIGBERALE OTASOWIE MICHELLE
90 MED1706260 OMOIGUI AYEVWOSA RACHAEL

2
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
• FCT: Federal Capital Territory
• JS: Junior Secondary
• SNSs: Social Networking Sites
• SUBEB: State Universal Basic Education Board
• SS: Senior Secondary
• UAE: United Arab Emirates
• U.S: United States

3
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Adolescents: Individuals typically aged between 10 and 19
years who are in the transitional phase of growth and
development between childhood and adulthood

• Social Media: Online platforms and applications that

enable users to create, share content, and interact with others,
such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter,
and TikTok.

• Social Media Use: The frequency and pattern by which

individuals, especially adolescents, engage with
various social media platforms.
4
 DEFINITION OF TERMS…
• Internet Addiction:A behavioral addiction
characterized by excessive or poorly
controlled preoccupations,
urges, or behaviors regarding internet
use, leading to impairment or
distress.

5
 DEFINITION OF TERMS…
• Cyber bullying: The use of electronic
communication to bully or harass
an individual, typically by sending messages
of an intimidating or threatening
nature

6
 INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
• As technology advances, screen-based devices now support a wide
range of networking platforms, fueling increased digital engagement
globally.
(Shannon et al., 2022)
• Among adolescents, social media has rapidly become a central part of
daily life and social interaction.
(Paakkari et al., 2021)

7
 INTRODUCTION…
BACKGROUND…
• The growing prevalence of social media use among adolescents has
raised serious concerns regarding its potential negative effects on
health.
(World Health Organization[WHO],2024)
• Approximately half of teenagers in the U.S. aged 13-17 are active on
social media with majority starting Facebook when they turn 13 and
WhatsApp at age 16.
(Masoud et al., 2019)

8
 INTRODUCTION…
BACKGROUND…
• Majority of adolescent tend to use social media on activities related to
their friendships such as conversing with peers.
• Mobile devices allow them to stay “always connected” as they
frequently engage in texting, viewing and commenting on their
friend's social media posts.
(Li et al., 2016)

9
 INTRODUCTION…
BACKGROUND…
• Worldwide, there are signs that show the positive effects of social
media on young people.
• Nevertheless, it has been found that excessive use of social media
often leads to negative consequences and frequent use can heighten
feelings of distress and increase risk of suicidal thoughts among
adolescents.
(You et al., 2023)

10
 INTRODUCTION…
BACKGROUND…
• Peer pressure plays a critical role in the development of risky
behaviors such as problematic social media use as adolescents are
often influenced by the behaviours and expectations of their friends .
(Leijse et al., 2023)
• Research has shown that individuals who experience loneliness tend
to use social media frequently and believe that social media use is
beneficial in addressing feelings of loneliness.
(Rozgonjuk & Elhai, 2019)

11
 INTRODUCTION…
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• Adolescents today increasingly rely on social media platforms
like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, and WhatsApp in
their daily lives.
• While these platforms offer many benefits, there is growing
concern about their impact on adolescents' social lives,
academics and mental health.
(Lin et al., 2016)

12
 INTRODUCTION…
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM…
• In the US, about 90% of young adults use social media, with most
accessing it daily.

(Lin et al., 2016)

• Recent studies in Ile-Ife show a significant rise in social media use,
with 52.1% of secondary school students using these platforms.
(Adedeji, 2021)

13
 INTRODUCTION…
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM…
• A study carried out in Ibadan showed that 40.9% of adolescents
admitted to engaging in social media activities during school
hours while 69.6% engaged in chatting during personal study
time and group discussions.

(Adebayo, 2024)

14
 INTRODUCTION…
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM…
• Research has shown that adolescents who frequently use social
media experience high levels of psychological distress and
suicidal ideation.
(Beyens, 2020)
• Adolescents are also exposed to negative content like
pornography, violence, and cyber bullying, which can disrupt
their ability to balance social life with academics, potentially
leading to a loss of educational focus.
(Lewis, 2015)
15
 INTRODUCTION…
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM…
• Several factors act as drivers, influencing social media use
among adolescents.
• Research shows that emotional and psychological stressors like
loneliness, anxiety, fear of missing out, desire for validatio n and
low self-esteem significantly influence adolescents' use of social
media.

(Underwood, 2017)

16
 INTRODUCTION…
JUSTIFICATION
• Social media use among adolescents is growing and despite efforts to
encourage responsible use, many lack the skills to navigate the social
media space properly.
• This highlights the need for research into the prevalence, pattern,
effects and factors influencing social media use.

17
 INTRODUCTION…
RESEARCH QUESTION:
• What is prevalence of social media use among adolescents?
• What are the patterns of social media use among adolescents?
• What are the effects of social media use among adolescents?
• What factors influence social media use among adolescents?

18
 INTRODUCTION…
GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
• To assess the prevalence, pattern, effects and factors influencing social
media use among adolescents with the aim of providing actionable
recommendations to promote healthy usage, reduce negative impacts
and inform policy formulation and interventions for adolescent well-
being.

19
 INTRODUCTION…
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
• Determine the prevalence of social media use among adolescents.
• Identify the patterns of social media use among adolescents.
• Determine the effects of social media use among adolescents.
• Identify the factors influence social media use among adolescents.

20
 LITERATURE REVIEW
PREVALENCE
• A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted on 513 senior
high school students of Butuan City School of Arts and Trades, in
Butuan, Philippines, in 2020 to identify the extent of social media
addiction.

• The study showed that 88% of the respondents had access to social
media and even had social media accounts.
(Mindajao,
2023)

21
 LITERATURE REVIEW…
PREVALENCE…
• Similarly, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in four
secondary schools in Ile-Ife, Osun State in 2021 where a stratified
sample of 596 Senior Secondary School students were randomly
selected to assess social media use.
• The study showed that majority (63.5%) of students in private
schools and 41.2% of those in public schools have used social media.

(Adedeji et al., 2021)

22
 LITERATURE REVIEW…
PATTERN
• In 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out among 211 adolescents
in a secondary school in Jimmia city, Ethiopia to assess social media
use, effects and parental mediation among school adolescents.

• Findings from this study showed that 63.7% of the respondents

reported spending more than 3hours on social media daily, 35.7%
reported spending 3-4hours daily and about 28% reported using it for
more than 4hours daily.
(Mekonen et al., 2024)

23
 LITERATURE REVIEW…
PATTERN…
• A descriptive study was done in 2017 amongst 650 adolescents in
secondary school in Delta state, Nigeria to assess the prevalence and
pattern of social media use.

• Findings from this study showed that 72.58% used Facebook, 48.38%
used WhatsApp, 30.64% used YouTube and 27.25% use Instagram with
8.54% spending 1-2hours, 2.7% spending less than 30 minutes and
1.6% spending 2hours and above.
(Ogedegbe et al., 2017)

24
 LITERATURE REVIEW…
EFFECTS
• A descriptive study was done in the United Arab Emirates in 2019
among 200 students to understand the social identity levels of
adolescents and to analyze the negative effects of social media on
their social identity.
• Findings showed that social media exerts negative effects on
adolescents which include prioritizing self gratification over societal
contribution (75.7%), over sharing personal information (74.33%) and
imitating other to define success (69.2%).
(Elsayed, 2021)

25
 LITERATURE REVIEW…
EFFECTS …
• A descriptive study done in 2021 among 185 adolescents in three
secondary schools in Abuja to determine the effects of social media on
adolescents.
• The findings from this study revealed that 96 (51%) of the
respondents reported that the impact had been positive; 51 (27.6%)
said the impact had been negative; and 38 (20%) were indifferent.
(Ismail, 2021)

26
 LITERATURE REVIEW…
FACTORS
• A cross-sectional study conducted in 2023 among 3375 Iranian
adolescents to assess potential risk and protective factors concerning
social media use.
• Findings showed that the factors influencing social media use were
social anxiety, loneliness, internet addiction,
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, low self-esteem and low
perceived social support.
(Akbari et al., 2023)

27
 LITERATURE REVIEW…
FACTORS …
• A descriptive cross-sectional study was done among 260 students in
Government Senior Secondary School III, Kubwa, Abuja, Nigeria in
2024.
• Findings from the study showed that 63.1% possessed a smartphone
and indicated a high level of access to social media platforms.
(Akafa et al., 2024)

28
 METHODOLOGY
STUDY AREA:
• This study was conducted in Oredo Girls Secondary School, Benin
City, Edo State, Nigeria.
• Edo State is one of the 36 states in Nigeria, located in the South-South
geopolitical zone with an approximate population of 8 million.
• It is bounded by the states of Kogi to the northeast and east, Anambra
to the east, Delta to the southeast and south, and Ondo to the west and
northwest.
(Fidgen, 2016)

29
 METHODOLOGY…
STUDY AREA...
• Benin City is the state capital and largest urban centre with the Benin
tribe constituting 57.54%.
• Other tribes include Esan (17.14%), Etsako (12.19%), Owan (7.43%),
and Akoko Edo (5.70%).
(Fidgen, 2016)

30
 METHODOLOGY…
STUDY AREA...
• Oredo Girls Secondary School is in the Oredo Local Government
Area (LGA) of the State.
• It was established in 1980 and is currently under SUBEB..
• The school has 25 staff members with a total of 1301 students.
(Fidgen, 2016)

31
 METHODOLOGY...
STUDY DESIGN:
• A cross-sectional study design was employed for this study.

SCOPE OF STUDY:
• The study focused on assessing the prevalence, patterns, effects and
factors influencing social media use among adolescent at Oredo Girls
Grammar School, Benin City, Edo State.

32
 METHODOLOGY...
STUDY POPULATION:
• The study population consisted of female students at Oredo Girls
Secondary School.

SELECTION CRITERIA:
• Inclusion criteria: Students who were present at the time of data
collection.
• Exclusion criteria: Students who are unwilling to participate in the
study.

33
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
• The minimum sample size (n) was calculated using Cochran’s formula
for descriptive studies.
n=

• n = Minimum sample size

34
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION…:
• z = Standard normal deviation set at 95% confidence interval (1.96).

• p = prevalence of social media use of 41.2 % (p = 0.412) in a public

school by Adedeji et al.

• d = degree of precision set at 0.05 confidence interval.

35
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION...:
p = 0.412
q = 1-P
q = 1- 0.456 = 0.588

Hence,
n = 372

A 10% non-response rate was added to the minimum sample size

utilising the formula for non-response rate:
36
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION...:
nf =
nf =
nf = 413

Thus, the final minimum sample size for this study will be set at 413.

37
 METHODOLOGY...
STUDY DURATION
• This study was conducted from April, 2024 to May, 2025.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Multi-stage sampling technique was used comprising of two stages:
• First stage: Random sampling was used to select the school
• Second stage: Stratified sampling technique was employed to select
the number of students per class.

38
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
• Total population of students = 1301
• Sample size = 450
• Proportional allocation= number of students in class
Total population of students
X
Minimum sample size
• Total population of students = 1301
• Minimum sample size = 450

39
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:…
• Proportional Allocation Per Class:…
JSS1A = = 16
JSS1B = = 16
JSS1C = = 14
JSS1D = = 12
JSS1E = = 12

40
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:…
• Proportional Allocation Per Class:…
JSS1F = = 9
JSS2A = = 18
JSS2B = = 15
JSS2C = = 15
JSS2D = = 12

41
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:…
• Proportional Allocation Per Class:…
JSS2E = = 14
JSS2F = = 11
JSS2G = = 13
JSS3A = = 26
JSS3B = = 24

42
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:…
• Proportional Allocation Per Class:…
JSS3C = = 23
JSS3D = = 22
SS1A = = 20
SS1B = = 25
SS1C = = 25

43
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:…
• Proportional Allocation Per Class:…
SS1D = = 28
SS1E = = 15
SS1F = = 13
SS1G = = 12
SS1H = = 11

44
 METHODOLOGY...
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:…
• Proportional Allocation Per Class:…
SS2A = = 9
SS2B = = 13
SS2C = = 5
Total: 450

45
 METHODOLOGY...
DATA COLLECTION:
Data was collected using a standardized, structured interviewer-
administered questionnaire comprising open-ended and closed-ended
questions. The questionnaire consist of the following sections:
• Section A: Socio-demographic data.
• Section B: Prevalence of Social Media Use
• Section C: Pattern of Social Media Use
• Section D: Effects of Social Media Use
• Section E: Factors influencing Social Media Use

46
 METHODOLOGY...
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION:
• Data coding, entry, cleaning and analysis was carried out using the
IBM SPSS v25.0.
• Categorical data was summarized with frequencies and proportions;
continuous data with means and standard deviations. Bivariate (Chi-
square/Fisher’s) and multivariate analyses was used to assess variable
associations.
• A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

47
 METHODOLOGY...
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION:
• Permission was obtained from the Ministry of Education
• Consent was obtained from the school administration
• Assent was obtained from the students.

48
 METHODOLOGY...
LIMITATIONS
• This study utilised data reported by respondents, which may be
subject to errors due to recall bias.
• Reliance on self-reported data may lead to under- or over-reporting of
relevant information.

49
 RESULTS
A total of 450 respondents participated in the study. The results are
presented in the following sections in line with the specific objectives.
• SECTION A: Socio-demographic characteristics of
respondents.
• SECTION B: Prevalence of Social Media use.
• SECTION C: Pattern of Social Media use.
• SECTION D: Effects of Social Media.
• SECTION E: Factors influencing social media use
50
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics of the respondents

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Age (Years)
˂13 71 15.8
13-14 162 36.0
15-16 172 38.2

51
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics of the respondents

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Class
JS1 84 18.7
JS2 93 20.7
JS3 97 21.6
SS1 97 21.6
SS2 51 11.3

52
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics of the respondents

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Ethnicity
Benin 175 38.9
Igbo 101 22.4
Esan 71 15.8
Urhobo 28 6.2
Yoruba 16 3.6

53
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics of the respondents

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Hausa 22 4.9
Etsako 11 2.4
Isoko 6 1.3
Other 5 1.1

54
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics of the respondents

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Religion
Christianity 423 94.0
Islam 26 5.8
African Traditional Religion 1 0.2

55
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics of the respondents

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Marriage type
Monogamous 371 82.4

Polygamous 79 17.6

56
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics of the respondents

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Father’s occupation
Skill Level 0 4 1.0
Skill Level 1 87 20.7
Skill Level 2 244 58.1
Skill Level 3 50 11.9
Skill Level 4 35 8.3

57
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics of the respondents

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Mother’s occupation
Skill Level 0 13 3.0
Skill Level 1 273 62.3
Skill Level 2 106 24.2
Skill Level 3 40 9.1
Skill Level 4 6 1.4

58
 RESULTS…
• Among the 450 adolescents surveyed, most were aged 15–16 years
(38.2%), in JS3 and SS1 (21.6% each), belonged to the Benin
(38.9%), Igbo (22.4%), and Esan (15.8%) ethnic groups, and were
predominantly Christians (94.0%).
• The majority came from nuclear (83.1%) and monogamous (82.4%)
families, with most fathers in Skill Level 2 (58.1%) and mothers in
Skill Level 1 (62.3%).

59
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Prevalence of Social Media Use among Respondents.

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Ever used social media.
Yes 345 76.7
No 105 23.3

Used social media in the last year.

(n=345)
316 91.6
Yes
29 8.4
No

60
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Prevalence of Social Media Use among Respondents.

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Use social media currently
Yes 280 81.2
No 65 18.2

Device primarily used

Smartphone 338 98.0
Laptops/desktops 2 0.6
Tablets 5 1.4

61
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Prevalence of Social Media Use among Respondents.

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Frequency of social media use. Rarely
Sometimes 45 13.0
Always 202 58.6
98 28.4
Time spent on social media.
Less than 30 minutes 53 15.4
30 minutes – 1 hour 116 33.6
1 – 2 hours 84 24.3
2 hours or more 92 26.7
62
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Prevalence of Social Media Use among Respondents.

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Age of first social media use. (n=345)
<5 7 2.0
6-12 107 31.0
13-15 188 84.5
16-18 42 12.2
>19 1 0.3

63
 RESULTS…
• Out of 450 adolescents surveyed, 345 (76.7%) had used social media
while 105 (23.3%) had never used.
• Among the users, 316 (91.6%) had used social media in the past year,
and 280 (81.2%) were still active at the time of the study with
majority gaining access via smartphones (98.0%, 338), with minimal
use of laptops/desktops (0.6%) or tablets (1.4%),

64
 RESULTS…
• Most adolescents were introduced to social media between ages 13–
15 years (54.5%), followed by ages 6–12 years (31.0%), with usage
frequency reported as sometimes by 58.6% (202), always by 28.4%
(98), and rarely by 13.0% (45).
• Daily usage duration showed 33.6% (116) spent 30 minutes to 1 hour,
26.7% (92) spent 2 hours or more, 24.3% (84) spent 1–2 hours, and
15.4% (53) spent less than 30 minutes, indicating significant time
investment.

65
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Relationship between Social media use and Socio demographic characteristics

Variables Use Social Never used Chi- P-value

media (%) social media Square
(%)
Age group
˂13 46(64.8) 25(35.2) 16.526 0.001
13-14 117(72.2) 45(27.8)
15-16 140(81.4) 32(18.6)
˃16 42(93.3) 3(6.7)

66
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Relationship between Social media use and Socio demographic characteristics

Variables Use Social Never used Chi- P-value

media (%) social media Square
(%)
Class
Junior Secondary 191(69.7) 83(30.3) 18.963 <0.001
Senior Secondary 154(87.5) 22(12.5)
Religion
Christianity 325(76.8) 98(23.2) 3.293 0.193
Islam 20(76.9) 6(23.1)
African traditional religion 0 1(100)

67
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Relationship between Social media use and Socio demographic characteristics

Variables Use Social Never used Chi- P-value

media (%) social media Square
(%)
Family Type
Nuclear 287(76.7) 87(23.3) 0.006 0.937
Extended 58(76.3) 18(23.7)
Marriage type
Monogamous 286(77.1) 85(22.9) 0.211 0.646
Polygamous 59(74.7) 20(25.3)

68
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Relationship between Social media use and Socio demographic characteristics

Variables Use Social Never used Chi- P-value

media (%) social media Square
(%)
Father’s occupation
Level 0 3(75.0) 1(25.0) 0.242 0.993
Level 1 65(74.7) 22(25.3)
Level 2 183(75.0) 61(25.0)
Level 3 39(78.0) 11(22.0)
Level 4 26(74.3) 9(25.7)

69
 RESULTS…
Table 1: Relationship between Social media use and Socio demographic characteristics

Variables Use Social Never used Chi- P-value

media (%) social media Square
(%)
Mother’s occupation
Level 0 8 (61.5) 5 (38.5) 9.026 0.060
Level 1 202(74.0) 71(26.0)
Level 2 90(84.9) 16(15.1)
Level 3 31(77.5) 9(22.5)
Level 4 3(50.0) 3(50.0)

70
 RESULTS…
• Age and class level were significantly associated with social media
use, with usage rising from 64.8% among those under 13 to 93.3%
among those over 16 (p = 0.001), and higher among senior secondary
students (87.5%) than junior students (69.7%) (p < 0.001).
• In contrast, religion (p = 0.193), family type (p = 0.937), and parental
marital structure (p = 0.646) showed no significant association,
indicating these factors may not strongly influence social media
access.

71
 RESULTS…
Table 4: Predictors of Prevalence of Social media use among respondents

Factors B (Regression Odds Lower Upper P-value

Coefficient) Ratio Exp
(B)
Age (years) 0.096 1.101 0.943 1.286 0.223
Class
Junior Secondary 1*
Senior Secondary -0.186 0.830 0.473 1.459 0.518
Family type
Nuclear 1*
Extended 0.181 1.199 0.653 2.200 0.558

72
 RESULTS…
Table 4: Predictors of Prevalence of Social media use among respondents

Factors B (Regression Odds Lower Upper P-value

Coefficient) Ratio Exp
(B)
Religion
Christianity 1* 0.508
Islam 0.661 1.936 0.636 5.890 0.245
African Traditional Religion 20.648 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
Marriage type
Monogamous 1*
Polygamous 0.004 1.004 0.571 1.765 0.988

73
 RESULTS…
Table 4: Predictors of Prevalence of Social media use among respondents

Factors B (Regression Odds Lower Upper P-value

Coefficient) Ratio Exp
(B)
Father’s occupation
Level 0 1* 0.696
Level 1 0.348 1.416 0.186 10.812 0.737
Level 2 0.488 1.629 0.222 11.940 0.631
Level 3 0.618 1.856 0.233 14.770 0.559
Level 4 0.968 2.633 0.315 21.997 0.372

74
 RESULTS…
Table 4: Predictors of Prevalence of Social media use among respondents

Factors B (Regression Odds Lower Upper P-value

Coefficient) Ratio Exp
(B)
Mother’s occupation
Level 0 1* 0.216
Level 1 0.899 2.458 0.616 9.799 0.202
Level 2 1.219 3.384 0.810 14.140 0.095
Level 3 0.529 1.697 0.377 7.638 0.491
Level 4 1.891 6.626 0.509 86.268 0.149

75
 RESULTS…
• None of the factors—including age, class, religion, family type,
marital status, and parental occupation—were statistically significant
predictors of social media use (p > 0.05 for all variables).
• However, the odds of using social media were higher among those
whose mothers were in higher occupational categories, although
these associations were not statistically significant (e.g., Level 3: OR
= 6.626, p = 0.149).

76
 RESULTS…
Table 5: Pattern of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage
Platform used the most
Facebook 99 28.8
Instagram 7 2.0
WhatsApp 112 32.6
Snapchat 6 1.7
Twitter 7 2.0

77
 RESULTS…
Table 5: Pattern of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage
Platform used the most
TikTok 86 25.0
YouTube 21 6.1
Pinterest 1 0.3
Others 2 0.6

78
 RESULTS…
Table 5: Pattern of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage
Where social media is used the
most.
333 96.2
At home
10 2.9
At School

79
 RESULTS…
Table 5b: Pattern of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage
Time of day social media is
used. 15 3.3
Before school 11 2.4
During school hours 205 45.6
After school 172 38.2
Before bedtime 77 17.1
Late at night

80
 RESULTS…
Table 5c: Pattern of social media use among respondents.

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Activities engaged in when
using social media. 155 34.4
Posting photos or status update 247 54.9
Watching videos
210 46.7
Messaging friends
132 29.3

81
 RESULTS…
Table 5c: Pattern of social media use among respondents.

Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage

Activities engaged in when
using social media.
Liking or commenting on posts 88 19.6
Celebrity follow-up
Reading news articles
47 10.4
School work

72 16.0

82
 RESULTS…
120 32.6%
28.8%
100
25.0%
80
frequency

60

40
6.1%
20
2.0% 1.7% 2.0%
0.3% 0.6%
0
e... ... t ... ... er o k b e
e.
..
ers
c sta ha a p i tt kt tu t h
fa i n w sn tw ti u pi
n ot
yo

Fig 1. Social Media Platforms used most by respondents 83

 RESULTS…
• Respondents mostly preferred WhatsApp (32.6%), Facebook (28.8%),
and TikTok (25.0%), with usage primarily at home (96.2%) and peak
times after school (45.6%), before bedtime (38.2%), and late at night
(17.1%).
• Common activities included watching videos (54.9%), messaging
friends (46.7%), and posting updates (34.4%), with fewer using it for
school work (16.0%) or following celebrities and reading news.

84
 RESULTS…
Table 7: Effect of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage
Study time taken up by social media.
None
Less than half 82 24.1
Half of it 87 25.6
Most of it 114 33.5
All of it 47 13.8
10 2.9

85
 RESULTS…
Table 7: Effect of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage
Social media affected grades
negatively.
Yes
103 22.9
No
347 77.1
Poor performance in a test or
assignment due to social media.
Yes
120 26.7
No
330 73.3

86
 RESULTS…
Table 7b: Effect of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage
Better performance due to social
media
116 25.8
Yes
334 74.2
No
Feel depressed after using social
media.
Yes
89 19.8
No
358 79.6

87
 RESULTS…
Table 7b: Effect of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage
Stress or anxiety due to social media
Never
Rarely 154 45.3
Sometimes 58 17.1
Often 107 31.5
Always 11 3.2
10 2.9

88
 RESULTS…
Table 7c: Effect of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage
Sleep disturbance due to late-night
social media use.
Never
130 37.8
Rarely
56 16.3
Sometimes
110 32.0
Often
22 6.4
Always
22 6.4

89
 RESULTS…
Table 7c: Effect of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency (n=450) Percentage
Felt happy after using social media.
Yes 315 70.0
No 132 29.3
Practice any activity learnt on social
media.
Yes
260 57.8
No
183 40.7

90
 RESULTS…
Table 7d: Effect of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency Percentage
Activities engaged in
Exercise 69 15.3
Learning a new language 85 18.9
Coding 20 4.4
Content creation 45 10.0

91
 RESULTS…
Table 7d: Effect of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency Percentage
Activities engaged in…
Dating 20 4.4
Networking 35 7.8
Making friends 109 24.2
Business advertisement 40 8.9

92
 RESULTS…
Table 7d: Effect of social media use among respondents.
Variables Frequency Percentage
Activities engaged in…
Learning a skill 119 26.4
Pornography 7 1.6
Fraud 5 1.1
Cyber bullying 7 1.6
Identity theft 3 0.7

93
 RESULTS…
Table 7d: Effect of social media use among respondents…

Variables Frequency Percentage

Ever had a bad experience on social

media
Yes 73 16.2
No 377 83.8

94
 RESULTS…
Effects of Social Media Use
• Social media consumed half of the study time 33.5% of adolescents;
22.9% noted negative grade impacts, and 26.7% reported poor
performance on tests or assignments.
• Conversely, 25.8% believed it improved their academics.

95
 RESULTS…
• Mentally, 31.5% sometimes felt stress or anxiety from social media
and negative impacts on self-esteem or body image were reported by
17.3%, and 19.8% felt depressed after use.
• Sleep disturbances were noted sometimes by 32.0%, often by 6.4%,
and always by 6.4%. Still, 70.0% felt happy after using social media.
• A majority of respondents (57.8%) applied the knowledge gained
from social media, such as learning skills (26.4%), making friends
(24.2%), or learning languages (18.9%). Risky behaviors like cyber
bullying (1.6%) and identity theft (0.7%) were less common.

96
 RESULTS…
Table 8: Perceived Factors influencing social media use among
respondents
Variables Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always Mean
Freq (%) Freq (%) Freq (%) Freq (%) Freq (%) Score

Preoccupation. 103 (30.4) 50 (14.7) 122 (26.0) 35 (10.3) 29 (8.6) 2.52

Peer influence. 86 (25.3) 40 (11.8) 101 (29.7) 42 (12.4) 71 (20.9) 2.92

97
 RESULTS…
Table 8: Perceived Factors influencing social media use among
respondents
Variables Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always Mean
Freq (%) Freq (%) Freq (%) Freq (%) Freq (%) Score

Avoidance of reality. 111 (32.6) 27 (7.9) 94 (27.6) 62 (18.2) 46 (18.2) 2.72

Anxiety. 154 (44.8) 58 (16.9) 107 (31.1) 11 (3.2) 10 (2.2) 2.00

Fear of missing out. 148 (43.0) 63 (18.3) 88 (25.6) 13 (3.8) 28 (8.1) 2.14

98
 RESULTS…
• The table shows that peer influence was the strongest motivator for
social media use among female secondary school students, with
20.9% selecting "always" and a high mean score of 2.92
• Avoidance of reality (18.2%, mean = 2.72) and preoccupation (mean
= 2.52). In contrast, anxiety (mean = 2.00) and fear of missing out
(mean = 2.14) had the lowest mean scores, as most students reported
"never" or "rarely" using social media for these reasons.

99
 DISCUSSION
• The study found that most adolescents were aged 13–16, mainly in
JS2–SS1 with fathers in mid-level jobs and mothers in lower-skilled
roles.
• The age and class distribution may be due to the school system
structure and enrollment age with respondents in JS2 to SS1 having
better attendance compared to terminal classes (like SS3) who may be
preparing for exams while the skill level distribution reflects regional
population patterns.

100
 DISCUSSION
• Most of their parents were in Monogamous marriages, with Father
and Mothers occupation being at the Skill level 2 and Skill Level 1
respectively.
• These are seen in similar studies done among public school students
in Ile Ife which showed a comparable profile of adolescent school
attendees and their family backgrounds.
(Adedeji, 2020)

101
 DISCUSSION…
• Understanding these demographic factors is crucial as adolescents
from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may be more vulnerable to
the negative effects of social media.
• Programs aimed at promoting safe and productive social media use
should be tailored considering the socio demographic backgrounds of
adolescents, with particular attention to those from lower-income
households and nuclear family structures.

102
 DISCUSSION…
• Most adolescents in this study actively use social media, often starting
between ages 13–15.
• This is due to their desire to connect with peers and express
themselves online.
• These findings agree with a study carried out in multiple secondary
schools in Abuja Nigeria in 2020 which indicated that a significant
portion of adolescents begin engaging with social media during early
to mid-adolescence.
(Onyesom, 2020)

103
 DISCUSSION…
• Increasingly high level of social media use can affect adolescent well-
being leading to poor concentration and academic performance.

• Hence, school management and parents should be encouraged to

promote balance and apply restrictions to social media use where
necessary.

104
 DISCUSSION…
• Adolescents mostly use social media at home for entertainment and
socializing, especially after school and before bed time.

• These patterns may be because social media offers convenient ways to

connect with friends and offers stress relief after school activities.

105
 DISCUSSION…
• This is similar to the findings in a study carried out in New Zealand
among secondary school students in 2018 which showed that teens
often use social media mainly for fun and socializing with friends,
usually after school hours.
(Edgar et al., 2018)
• This is important as unsupervised use, especially during critical
periods, can negatively affect adolescents.
• Parents and schools should encourage balanced use and promote
educational content on these platforms.

106
 DISCUSSION…
• Most of the respondents indicated that social media consumed at least
half of their study time, with some reporting a decline in academic
performance.
• However, several also noted benefits such as learning new skills and
improved communication.
• This may be due to the difference in individual pattern of use and the
type of content predominantly engaged with.

107
 DISCUSSION…
• This is consistent with a finding from a study carried out in Lagos
which found that excessive use of social media negatively affected the
academic performance of adolescents.
(Olatunde, 2020)
• However, a contrasting study done in Ghana identified that when used
responsibly, social media can enhance learning and promote access to
educational resources.
(Asante,
2021)

108
 DISCUSSION…
• The dual effect of social media on adolescents suggests that
unregulated use poses a risk for academic disengagement and
emotional strain despite its potential benefits.
• School-based mental health services should be strengthened to address
stressors arising from digital environments. Peer mentoring and
student-led digital campaigns may also be effective to promote
academic use to foster growth and learning

109
 DISCUSSION…
• Most adolescents use social media due to peer pressure, followed by a
desire to escape reality and out of mere preoccupation which could
stem from a desire to fit in, cope with stress or deal with boredom.

• These findings are supported by a study done in Netherlands. which

found that peer pressure greatly influenced adolescents’ social media
habits, and another study in Finland which noted that stress and
emotional escape are common reasons for use.
(Leijse et al, 2020; Paakkari et al. 2021)

110
 DISCUSSION…
• Factors such as peer pressure and emotional stress can worsen mental
health outcomes and increase vulnerability to negative experiences on
social media such as cyber bullying, pornography and other online
vices.
• Hence, schools should initiate mental health and digital education
programs to address peer pressure and offer healthier coping strategies
to reduce risky or excessive use of social media.

111
 CONCLUSION
• This study confirms that there is a high prevalence of social media use
among adolescents.
• Pattern of use is mainly for entertainment and socializing after school
and before bed time at home.
• While excessive use leads to negative, effects responsible use is
beneficial.
• Major factors influencing social media use include peer pressure and
stress.

112
 RECOMMENDATIONS
To the Federal Government:
• Through the Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, should
create national digital health guidelines to promote responsible social
media use.
• Through the Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare should to
implement mental health programs in schools to promote the
emotional and mental wellbeing of adolescents.

113
 RECOMMENDATIONS
To the Federal Government:
• Through the Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social
Development, should enact and enforce online child protection laws to
ensure safe social media use among adolescents.
• Through the Ministry of Education, should incorporate digital health
education and social media literacy modules into the school syllabus.

114
 RECOMMENDATIONS…
To the School management:
• Schools should teach digital literacy, responsible online behaviour,
online safety as part of their curriculum.

• Establish school based mental services headed by trained counselors

to support students with mental challenges.

115
 RECOMMENDATIONS…
To the School management:…
• Organize workshops for parents on monitoring their children’s social
media use.
• Train peer educators to promote positive social media use and identify
students struggling classmates.
• Set and enforced appropriate rules for internet and device use within
the school premises.

116
 RECOMMENDATIONS
To Parents:
• Talk openly with their children about responsible social media use and
model responsible digital behavior.
• Set and enforce appropriate rules for the timing and pattern of social
media use within the home.
• Closely monitor their children for signs of emotional stressors that
may predispose to unhealthy social media use.

117
 RECOMMENDATIONS
To Adolescents:
• Consciously limit their screen time to prevent excessive social media
use.
• Only follow positive, educational and informative content to
maximize its benefits.
• Report and block harmful or unhealthy interaction to prevent negative
experiences.
• Seek help from trusted adults or counselors when feeling
overwhelmed or pressured online.

118
 REFERENCES
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 APPENDIX

PLATE1: STUDENTS WITH PRINCIPAL DURING DATA COLLECTION 123

THANK YOU

124