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Lec 9 Integral

This lecture covers the concept of indefinite integrals, introducing the idea of finding a function whose derivative is a given function. It explains the properties of indefinite integrals, including rules for constants and sums, and introduces the substitution rule for more complex integrals. Several examples are provided to illustrate the evaluation of indefinite integrals and the application of these rules.

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0 views37 pages

Lec 9 Integral

This lecture covers the concept of indefinite integrals, introducing the idea of finding a function whose derivative is a given function. It explains the properties of indefinite integrals, including rules for constants and sums, and introduces the substitution rule for more complex integrals. Several examples are provided to illustrate the evaluation of indefinite integrals and the application of these rules.

Uploaded by

zmuqcollege
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 9: Lecturer:

INTEGRALS Antonius Suhartomo,


B.Sc., M.Eng.Sc.,

(CHAPTER 5) M.B.A., Ph.D.


INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
 We now want to ask what function we differentiated to get the
function f(x).
 Let’s take a quick look at an example to get us started.
 Example 1 What function did we differentiate to get the
following function.

 Solution
 Let’s actually start by getting the derivative of this function to
help us see how we’re going to have to approach this problem.
 The derivative of this function is,
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
 The point of this was to remind us of how differentiation works
 When differentiating powers of we multiply the term by the original
exponent and then drop the exponent by one.
 Now, let’s go back and work the problem.
 In fact let’s just start with the first term.
 We got by differentiating a function and since we drop the exponent
by one it looks like we must have differentiated .
 However, if we had differentiated we would have and we don’t have
5 in front our first term, so the 5 needs to cancel out after we’ve
differentiated.
 It looks then like we would have to differentiate in order to get .
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
 Likewise for the second term, in order to get 3x after
differentiating we would have to differentiate
 Again, the fraction is there to cancel out the 2 we pick up in the
differentiation.
 The third term is just a constant and we know that if we
differentiate x we get 1.
 So, it looks like we had to differentiate -9x to get the last term.
 Putting all of this together gives the following function,

 Our answer is easy enough to check. Simply differentiate F(x).
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
 Likewise for the second term, in order to get 3x after
differentiating we would have to differentiate .
 Again, the fraction is there to cancel out the 2 we pick up in the
differentiation.
 The third term is just a constant and we know that if we
differentiate x we get 1.
 So, it looks like we had to differentiate -9x to get the last term.
 Putting all of this together gives the following function,

 Our answer is easy enough to check. Simply differentiate F(x).


DEFINITIONS
1 3
F ( x )  x 5  x 2  9 x  c,
In fact, any function of 5 the2form,
c is a constant.
will give f(x) upon differentiating.
/
x)  an
Given a function,(f(x),
F f ( xanti-derivative
) of f(x) is any function F(x)
such that

If F(x) is any anti-derivative of f(x) then theconstant


most general anti-derivative
f ( x ) dx  F ( x )  c , c is any
of f(x) is called an indefinite integral and denoted,

In this definition the is called the integral symbol, f(x) is called the
integrand, x is called the integration variable and the “c” is called
the constant of integration.
Example 2 Evaluate the following indefinite integral.

Solution
Since this is really asking for the most general anti-derivative
we just need to reuse the final answer from the first example.
The indefinite integral is,
PROPERTIES OF THE INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 
kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx

where k is any number. So, we can


factor multiplicative constants out of indefinite integrals.
 f ( x)dx  f ( x)dx.
This is really the first property with
k= -1 and so no proof of this property will be given.
f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dxIn
. other words, the
integral of a sum or difference of functions is the sum or
difference of the individual integrals. This rule can be
extended to as many functions as we need.
LISTED WILL NOT WORK
f ( x) g ( x)dx  f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
g ( x)dx  g ( x)dx

COMPUTING INDEFINITE
INTEGRALS
 The first integral that we’ll look at is the
integral of a power of x.

 Next is one of the easier integrals but always


seems to cause problems for people.

 Let’s now take a look at the trig


functions.
EXPONENTIALS AND
LOGARITHMS
 Now, let’s take care of exponential and logarithm functions.
INVERSE TRIG AND LOG
FUNCTIONS
Finally, let’s take care of the inverse trig and hyperbolic
functions.
EXAMPLE 3
 Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals.
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 4
 Find the indefinite integrals below,
SOLUTION

Since,

Hence,
EXAMPLE 5
 Given the following information determine the function .

 Solution:
 In both of these we will need to remember that
SOLUTION

Then,

Given that , thus

Hence,
SOLUTION

So,
SOLUTION
and
SOLUTION
By given values that , then

This gives,
SOLUTION
This gives

Thus,
SUBSTITUTION RULE FOR
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
 After the last section we now know how to do the following
integrals.

 However, we can’t do the following integrals.


SOLUTION
 All of these look considerably more difficult than the first
set.
 However, they aren’t too bad once you see how to do them.
 Let’s start with the first one.

 In this case let’s notice that if we let

and we compute the differential for this we get,


SOLUTION
 Now, let’s go back to our integral and notice that
we can eliminate every that exists in the integral
and write the integral completely in terms of using
both the definition of and its differential.
SOLUTION
 Evaluating the integral gives,

 As always we can check our answer with a quick derivative


if we’d like to and don’t forget to “back substitute” and get
the integral back into terms of the original variable.
 What we’ve done in the work above is called the
Substitution Rule.
SUBSTITUTION RULE

𝑓∫ (𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥=∫ 𝑓 (𝑢)𝑑𝑢,𝑤𝑒𝑟h 𝑒 𝑢=𝑔(𝑥)


′
EXAMPLE 6
 Evaluate each of the following integrals.

a.
SOLUTION

Let’s make,

The integral is then


SOLUTION

Similarly, let’s make

Thus,
SOLUTION

Let
Thus,
SOLUTION

Let
Then,
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTION
 Example 7 Evaluate each of the following integrals.
SOLUTION

Let,
Then,
SOLUTION

Let,
Thus,
SOLUTION

Let
Hence,

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