AMIT

FECE
Fundamental of Electrical Engineering
Exit Exam Tutorial

By Frezer Fikade
 Learning outcomes
Cognitive
Number of
Weight of

Creation/Synthes
Name of test items

Total
Understanding
Themes ECTS course or Learning outcome

Remembering

Psychomotor
Courses from each

Application
proportion

Evaluation
course

Affective
Analysis
 To enable students to
understand the basic
electromagnetic
1 1 - - - - 1 - 9
phenomenon, circuit
variables and
parameters

 To enable students to
understand and apply
Core the fundamental and
Fundamental - - 1 2 1 - - -
derived circuit laws
Share = of Electrical 5 5/30≈0.17 0.17*50≈9 and theorems to the
50 items from the Engineering analysis of dc circuits
total

 To enable students to
understand and apply
the fundamental and
derived circuit laws
- - - 1 1 - - -
and theorems to the
analysis of steady
state poly­phase ac
circuits;
Contents Outline
FEE course

Electromagnetic
DC Circuit AC Circuit
Phenomenon

Electromagnetism concepts Basic concepts (Sinusoidal &

Basic concepts
& theory phasor)

Basic & derived laws steady

Terminologies Basic & derived laws
state polyphase ac circuit

Electromagnetic
Theorems AC power analysis
Induction

Magnetically
Applications
coupled circuit
 Electromagnetism
• Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, governing the interactions
between electric charges and magnetic fields.
• It unifies phenomena that were once thought to be distinct electricity and magnetism into a single
framework.
1. Electricity vs. Magnetism
• Electricity arises from stationary or moving charges (e.g., static shocks, electric currents).
• Magnetism results from moving charges (currents) or intrinsic magnetic moments (e.g., permanent
magnets).
2. Unification by Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell showed that changing electric fields produce magnetic fields and vice versa, leading to:
• Electromagnetic waves (light, radio, X-rays).
• The realization that light is an electromagnetic wave.
Cont.
3. Practical Importance
Electromagnetism underpins modern technology, including:
• Electrical circuits (Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Laws).
• Electromechanical devices (motors, generators).
• Communications (radio, Wi-Fi, fiber optics).
4. Historical Context

• 1820: Oersted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields.

• 1831: Faraday formulated electromagnetic induction (basis for generators).
• 1865: Maxwell published his unified theory, predicting EM waves.
Terminologies in electromagnetic circuits
• Magnetic field
• Magnetic flux (ϕ), unit Weber:
• Flux density (B), unit Tesla(Web/m2)
• Magnetomotive force (mmf), Ampere-turns
• Permeability [μ]
• Reluctance [S] or
• Magnetic Flux Linkage(𝝀), self and mutual induction
• Leakage Flux, Useful flux and Fringing
 Magnetic circuit
• Series circuit with without airgap
• Parallel circuit with without airgap
 Electromagnetic induction
• The basic process of generating emfs (electromotive force) and currents with magnetic fields is known as
induction; this process is also called magnetic induction.

𝑑∅
𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑 =− 𝑁
𝑑𝑡
Flux - induced EMF (Faradays Induction) Motion - induced EMF (Lorentz force)

Production of induced force on a wire

A third major effect of a magnetic field on its surroundings is that it induces a force on
a current-carrying wire within the field
 Selected Examples on Electromagnetism
1. Which law states that the induced EMF in a circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux?
a) Ampère’s Law b) Gauss’s Law c) Faraday’s Law d) Lenz’s Law
Explanation: Faraday’s Law of Induction: E=−dΦ/dt, Lenz’s Law gives the direction of induced EMF.

2. The direction of the magnetic field around a current-carrying wire is given by:
a) Right-Hand Rule b) Left-Hand Rule c) Fleming’s Rule d) Ohm’s Law
Explanation: Thumb points in current direction; fingers curl in the B-field direction.

3. Which of the following is not a ferromagnetic material?

a) Iron b) Nickel c) Cobalt d) Aluminum
Explanation: Aluminum is paramagnetic; others retain magnetization.
4. A transformer works on the principle of:
a) Mutual induction b) Self-induction c) Electrostatic induction d) Electromagnetic shielding
Explanation: Transformers transfer energy between coils via changing magnetic flux.
 Cont.
5. Reluctance in a magnetic circuit is analogous to _____ in an electric circuit.

a) Resistance b) Capacitance c) Conductance d) Inductance

Explanation: Reluctance (R=l/μA​) opposes magnetic flux, just as resistance opposes current.

6. What material is commonly used to reduce reluctance in magnetic circuits?

a) Air b) Copper c) Ferromagnetic core (e.g., iron) d) Aluminum

Explanation: Ferromagnetic materials have high permeability (μ), reducing reluctance.

7. If the cross-sectional area of a magnetic core doubles, its reluctance:

a) Doubles b) Halves c) Remains the same d) Quadruples

Explanation: Reluctance R=l/μA​, so increasing A reduces R.

8. In a magnetic circuit, the magnetic flux is directly proportional to which of the following?

a) Reluctance b) Square of MMF c) Permeability d) Resistance

 Cont.
9. The air gap in a magnetic circuit is used primarily to:
a) Increase magnetic reluctance c) Decrease magnetic flux
b) Reduce MMF d) Eliminate eddy currents

10. Which of the following factors does not affect the induced electromotive force (EMF) in a coil due to
changing magnetic flux?

a) The rate of change of the magnetic flux c) The area of the coil
b) The number of turns in the coil d) The material of the coil's wire

11. Which of the following is the correct statement according to Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction?
a) The induced EMF is inversely proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
b) The induced EMF depends on the speed of the moving conductor
c) The induced EMF is proportional to the magnetic flux density
d) The induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
Cont.

12. In Lenz's Law, the direction of the induced current is such that it:
a) Strengthens the change in magnetic flux c) Does not affect the magnetic flux
b) Opposes the change in magnetic flux d) Increases the flux density
13. The self-induction of a coil depends on all of the following except:
a) The number of turns in the coil c) The cross-sectional area of the coil
b) The length of the coil d) The material of the core
14. The SI unit of magnetic flux (ΦBΦB​) is:
a) Tesla (T) b) Weber (Wb) c) Henry (H) d) Farad (F)
15. A coil with 50 turns experiences a change in flux from 0.2 Wb to 0.8 Wb in 0.5 seconds. The
induced EMF is:
a) 60 V b) 30 V c) 120 V d) - 60 V
Basic terminology and their definition
* Electricity * Resistance vs Impedance
* Charge * Voltage (e.m.f, potential difference), V=W/Q
* Current (AC & DC) * Power
* Energy * Work
Questions
1. The time rate of change of charge is called ______
A) Power B) Voltage C) Current D) Energy
2. ____ is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in __
A) Voltage (V) B) Current (A) C) Power (W) D) Electricity (Q)
3) To move charge q from point a to point b requires -30J. Find the voltage drop Vab, if Q = 5C
B) -6V B) 6V C) 150V D) -150V
4. The total charge entering a terminal is given by q = 5t sin 4πt mC. Calculate the current at t = 0.5 s
Answer I = 31.42mA, how to find q ?
 DC circuit
• An electrical circuit is a closed loop path through which electric current flows.
• Electrical circuit can be DC or AC.
Basic Components of an Electrical Circuit:
Power Source (Ideal and real source)
Conductors (Wires),
Load (Resistor, Bulb, Motor, etc.),
Switch and
Protective Devices (Fuses, Circuit Breakers)
Cont.
• Electric circuit (Series, parallel & complex circuit for current, voltage, load/lamp)

• Circuit Elements (Active vs passive)

• Passive sign convention
• Sign of power (Absorbed +ve & Supplied -ve)
Questions
5) Which of these is not an electrical quantity?
a) Charge b) time c) voltage d) current e) power
6) The dependent source in Fig below is:
a) voltage-controlled current source
b) voltage-controlled voltage source
c) current-controlled voltage source
d) current-controlled current source
Passive Elements
• Resistor
• Resistance (𝑅 = ρ𝑙/𝐴 )
• Resistance and temperature
• The resistance of a conductor increases as temperature increases.
(Semiconductor and insulator vs temp ??)
* The resistance of the conductor at any temperature ‘t’ is R t=Ro(1+αt) where Ro is the
resistance at 0oc temperature, α is resistance temperature coefficient.
• Capacitor
• Inductor
Basic circuit laws, theorem and analysis technique (dc ckt)
• Analyzing DC circuits involves applying fundamental laws and derived theorems to
determine voltages, currents, and power distribution.
• Ohms law
* An elements with value of R=0 is called a short circuit
* An elements with value of R= is called an open circuit
• Node, loop, mesh, branch, …
• Kirchhoff's law (KCL & KVL)
• Series circuit and voltage divider rule
• Parallel circuit and current divider rule
• Nodal analysis (node voltage)
• Mesh analysis (mesh current)
• Source transformation
• Superposition theorem
• Thevenin’s vs Norton analysis, and maximum power transfer
Questions
1) What are the components of a simple electric circuit?
Ans. Source (current/voltage), conductor and load
2) KCL is based on the fact that
a) There is a possibility for a node to store energy c) Charge accumulation may or may not be possible.
b) There cannot be an accumulation of charge at a node d) Charge accumulation is possible at node
3) The algebraic sum of voltages around any closed path in a network is equal to __
a) Infinity b) 1 c) 0 d) Negative polarity
4) All ____ are loops but _____ are not meshes
a) Loops, Meshes b) Meshes, loops c) Branches, loops d) Nodes, Branches
5) Mesh analysis is generally used to determine _________
a) Voltage b) Current c) Resistance d) Power
Cont.
6. KCL is applicable to only
a. Nodes in a network c) Closed loop in a network
b. Electric circuits d) Electronic circuits
7. To determine the polarity of the voltage drop across a resistor, it is necessary to know
c. Value of current through the resistor c) Direction of current through the resistor
d. Source voltage in the circuit d) Value of resistor
8. Pure inductive circuit.
e. Consumes some power on average
f. Does not take power at all from the line
g. Takes power from the line during some part of the cycle and then returns back to it during
other part of the cycle
h. Consumes the current only
Cont.
9. What does negative power in an electrical element indicate?
a. Element is absorbing power c. Element is supplying power
b. Element may absorb or supply power d. Element is neither absorbing nor supplying power
10. Calculate the current across the 20 Ohm resistor
c. 36.67 A b. 10 A c. 6.67 A d.20 A

11. If there are 3 Resistors R1, R2 and R3 in series and V is total voltage and I is total current then Voltage across R 2 is
a) V*R3/ (R1 + R2 + R3) b) V*R2/ (R1 + R2 + R3) c) V*R1/(R1 + R2 + R3) d) V

12. The two basic components of a Thevenin equivalent ac circuit are;

a) The equivalent voltage source and the equivalent series impedance

b) The equivalent voltage source and the equivalent series resistance

c) The equivalent voltage source and the equivalent parallel impedance

d) The equivalent voltage source and the equivalent parallel resistance

Cont.
13) When there is a current source between two loops which method is preferred?
a) Mesh-voltage analysis c) Node-current analysis
b) Super mesh d) Super node
14) Which is the best-preferred method to calculate currents flowing in the circuit?
a) Mesh-voltage analysis b) Node-current analysis
c) Superposition principles d) Duality principle
15) Where voltage division problem arises
a) Series connected resistors b) Parallel connected resistors
c) When resistors are equal d) Both series and parallel resistors.
16) A voltage source having an open circuit voltage of 200 V and internal resistance of 50Ω is
equivalent to a current source of ___________
a) 4A with 50Ω in parallel b) 4A with 50Ω in series
c) 0.5A with 50Ω in parallel d) none of the mentioned
Cont.
17) Thevenin’s voltage is equal to the ____ voltage across the ______ terminals.
a) short circuit, input b) short circuit, output
c) open circuit, output d) open circuit, input
18) Consider the circuit shown below. The expression of Thevenin’s voltage (V Th) and Thevenin’s
resistance (ZTh) respectively is?
a) V(Z1/(Z1+Z2)), (Z1Z2/(Z1+Z2))
b) V(Z2/(Z1+Z2)), Z3+(Z1Z2/(Z1+Z2))
c) V(Z1), Z1+(Z3Z2/(Z3+Z2))
d) V(Z2), Z2+(Z1Z3/(Z1+Z3))
19) In superposition theorem, when we consider the effect of one current source, all the other voltage
sources are ____________
a) Shorted b) Opened c) Removed d) Undisturbed
20) Which of the following elements of electrical engineering cannot be analyzed using Ohm’s law?
a. Capacitors b. Inductors c. Transistors d. Resistance
 Ac circuit

• Ac stands for alternating current.

• An alternating quantity changes continuously in magnitude and alternates in direction
at regular intervals of time.
• The time-varying voltage/current that is commercially available in large quantities is
called an ac voltage/current.
• There are different forms of ac voltage or current.

Alternating sources
Terminologies
• Sinusoid; is a signal/waveshape that has the form of the sine or cosine function.

• Instantaneous value . Effective (RMS) value

• Peak/amplitude/maximum value
• Peak to peak value
• Period (T = )
• Frequency (f = 1/T)
• Cycle
Cont.
For the sinusoidal voltage, v(t) = sin(wt +),
is amplitude of the sinusoid
= is the angular frequency in radian/second (W = f)
=is the argument of the sinusoid
= is phase angle
Question
v(t) = 12 cos(40t +),
Vm = ?
=?
T=?
F=?
Phasor; is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
Cont.
voltage-current relationships for the three passive elements
AC power analysis

• Instantaneous power: absorbed by an element is the product of the instantaneous voltage v(t)
across the element and the instantaneous current i(t) through it.

Average power: is the average of the instantaneous power over one period.

 For purely resistive circuit θ = 0 and therefore, cos(0)=1 and P = Vrms * Irms
 For purely inductive or capacitive circuit θ = 90𝑜 and therefore, P = 0,
• The instantaneous power changes with time and is therefore difficult to measure.
• Therefore, the average power is more convenient to measure.
• In fact, the wattmeter, the instrument for measuring power, responds to average power.
Complex power

• The total power is the sum of real power (P) and reactive power (Q).
• The total power is also called apparent power or complex power, represented by
S, in Volt Ampere (VA).
Questions

1. Which of the following is not ac waveform?

a) Sinusoidal b) square c) constant d) triangular
2. The energy stored in the capacitor is of _________ nature.
b) Electrostatic b) Magnetic c) Neither electrostatic nor magnetic d) Either electrostatic or
magnetic
3. The variation of a quantity such as voltage or current shown on a graph is known as ___________
c) Waveform b) Peak value c) Instantaneous value d) Period
4) What is the duration of one cycle known as _________
d) Waveform b) Peak value c) Instantaneous value d) Period
5) The maximum instantaneous value measured from zero value is known as?
e) Peak value b) Peak to peak value c) Cycle d) Period
6) The RMS value of a sine wave is 100 A. Its peak value is ________
f) 70.7A b) 141.4A c) 150A d) 282.8A
7) The power factor of a D.C. circuit is always ______
a) Less than Unity b) Unity c) Greater than Unity d) Zero
Cont.
8) In an inductive circuit, the current ______ the voltage?
a) Leads b) lags c) is less than d) is greater than
9) For addition and subtraction of phasors, we use the _________ form.
b) Rectangular b) Polar c) Either polar or rectangular d) Neither polar nor rectangular
10) The power for a purely resistive circuit is zero when?
c) Current is zero c) Voltage is zero
d) Either current or voltage is zero d) Neither current nor voltage zero
11) In an AC circuit the current is and voltage of volt, power consumption in the circuit is ________
e) 100 watt b) 40 watt c) zero-watt d) 1000 watt
12. The frequency of an alternating current is
f) The speed with which the alternator runs c) The no. of waves passing through a point in one second
g)The no. of cycle generated in one minutes d) The no. of electronics passing through a point in one
second
Poly phase AC circuit analysis
• A polyphase system is an AC system with more than one phase.
• The most common type is the three-phase system, which consists of three sinusoidal voltages.
• Note; Three phase circuits can be classified as balanced and unbalanced systems.
• If the three sinusoidal voltages have the same magnitude, frequency, and each voltage is 120° out of
phase with the other two, the voltages are said to be balanced.
• If the loads are such that the currents produced by the voltages are also balanced, therefore, the entire
circuit is referred to as a balanced three-phase circuit.
• As long as the three loads are equal, the return current in the neutral is zero!
• So, In a balanced system the neutral is unnecessary.
 Cont.
• A balanced set of three-phase voltages can be represented in the frequency/phasor domain as;
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 230<, 𝑉𝑏𝑛=230<−12, 𝑉𝑐𝑛=230<−24
𝑉𝑎n + 𝑉𝑏𝑛 + 𝑉𝑐n = 0
I𝑎 + I𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 0
Note: If the system behaves on the other way, like
1) The voltages do not have the same magnitude, a) unbalanced b) +ve seq c) –ve seq d) zero seq
2) The load currents are not the same in magnitude and
3) If the voltages/currents are out of phase with an angle different from 120°
Then, the entire circuit is said unbalanced circuit.

•The phases can be numbered in three methods according to the phase sequence of system.
a) By numbering 1, 2, 3 b) By alphabetically a, b, c c) Color code (R, Y, B) where, R=Red, Y=Yellow, B=Blue
• Phase sequence: Positive phase sequence = RYB, Negative phase sequence = RBY or BYR or YRB and
zero sequence when the phasors are equal in magnitude and phase.
Three phase connections
• There are two types of connections in three-phase circuits:
Y (Wye or star) and Δ (Delta)

• Each generator and each load can be either Y- or Δ-connected.

• Any number of Y- and Δ - connected elements may be mixed in a power system.
• Phase quantities – voltages and currents in a given phase or in one phase.
• Line quantities – voltages between the lines and currents in the lines connected to the generators.
Questions
1. In a three phase AC circuit, the sum of all three generated voltages is ________ ?
a) Infinite (∞) b) Zero (0) c) One (1) d)None of the above
2. For a star connected three phase AC circuit ________ ?
a) Phase voltage is equal to line voltage and phase current is three times the line current
b) Phase voltage is square root three times line voltage and phase current is equal to line current
c) Phase voltage is equal to line voltage and line current is equal to phase current
d) None of the above
3. One method of forming a three-phase system is to connect the three similar ends of the windings
together at one point. This type of connection is called a:
a) Parallel connection b) Star connection C) Delta Connection d) Mesh connection
Questions

4. If a three-phase load is perfectly balanced, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a) The neutral current is maximum c) The system cannot supply any load
b) The neutral current is zero d) Each phase has different voltages
5. In a balanced three-phase system, if the line voltage is 400V, what is the phase voltage in a star
connection?
c) 400 V b) 231 V c) 690 V d) 115 V
6) The amplitude of the voltage available in the 60-Hz, 120-V power outlet in your home is:
d) 110 V b) 120 V c) 170 V d) 210 V
7. In a balanced three-phase system, the power factor angle θ is the angle between:
e) Line voltage and line current c) Line voltage and phase voltage
b) Phase voltage and phase current d) Line current and phase current
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