FUNDAMENTALS OF

ANALOG COMMUNICATION
• What is Communication?

• What are the different means of Communication?

Basic Communication System
→Info Source

→Input Transducer

→Transmitter

→Channel/ Medium

→Noise

→Receiver

→Output Transducer

→Destination
Modulation:
Process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the
carrier signal, with a modulating signal that typically contains information to be
transmitted.

Need for Modulation:

1.To enable long distance communication
Low frequency message; High frequency carrier

2.To reduce the height of the antenna

Antenna height is a function of wavelength λ
λ inversely proportional to frequency; Lower frequency signal requires antenna of
much height which is not practical

3.For multiplexing
A method by which multiple analog or digital signals are sent over a shared medium
Classification of Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Process of varying the amplitude of the carrier wave proportional to
the instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal(message signal)

Both Carrier and Message are analog

Modulating Signal(Message) + Carrier Signal = Amplitude Modulated

Signal
Waveforms
AM Signal in detail
Message signal: m(t)= Cos (2πfmt) Carrier signal: c(t)= Ac Cos (2πfct)
AM signal s(t) = Cos (2πfct)
Where, , Ac the amplitude of message signal & carrier
fm fc the frequencies of message signal & carrier
Modulation Index
Decides the depth of modulation. Expressed as percentage

→Under modulation when

→ Over modulation when

→ Perfect modulation when

Effect of modulation index on
AM wave
m=0.5
.

m=1.0

m=1.5
 Spectrum of an AM signal
= Ac Cos (2πfct ) + +

• Sideband Amplitudes =
Power in an AM Wave

+ +

+ +

= → =

For 100% modulation, m=1

= *1.5 → = *0.66

Carrier power is 66% of the Total power in a perfectly modulated AM

wave
Modulation by several Sine waves

Let message signal/ modulating signal contain several sine waves

m(t)= Cos (2πfm1t) + Cos (2πfm2t) + …..+ Cos (2πfmnt)

Overall modulation index is given by =

=
Where , ,…. are the modulation index of individual sine waves
Current Equation
=
AM Detection
Exercise 01
An audio signal of m(t)= Cos (2π 1000 t) amplitude modulates a carrier
c(t)= Cos (2π 2000 t). Find
a)m b) c) d)Bandwidth e) when =1kΩ f)Amplitude of each side bands.
Draw the frequency spectrum
Solution:
(t)= Ac Cos (2πfct)
= 40 Cos (2π 2000 t)
m= 0.25 ; = - = 1000 Hz ; = + = 3000 Hz
= = = 0.825watts
Bandwidth= 2= 2kHz
Spectrum

40 volts

5 volts 5 volts

1 k Hz 2 kHz 3 kHz
Exercise 02
Certain AM transmitter radiates 10.125 kW of power when modulation
index is 0.5. If two more sine waves corresponding to 40% and 60%
modulation is transmitted simultaneously, determine the total power
Solution:
When only one sine wave corresponding to 50% modulation is present,
= → = → = 9kW
When 2 more sine waves corresponding m=0.4 and m=0.6 are present,
Overall modulation index = = 0.87

= 12.461kW
Exercise 03
The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8A when only carrier is
transmitted, but increases to 8.93A when carrier is modulated by a
single sine wave. Find the percentage modulation. Determine the
antenna current when the depth of modulation changes to 0.8
Solution:
= → m= 70.1%
When m=0.8,
= 8 = 9.19 amp
Exercise 04
When the modulation percentage is 75, an AM transmitter produces
10kW.How much of this is the carrier power? What would be the
percentage power saving if the carrier and one of the sidebands were
suppressed before transmission took place?
Solution:

→= 7804 watts

= = (10000-7804) / 2 = 1098watts
If carrier and one of the sidebands were suppressed, saving in power=
(7804+1098)/10k= 89.02%
Exercise 05
When a broadcast AM transmitter is 50 percent modulated, its antenna current is
12A. What will the current be when the modulation depth is increased to 0.9?
Solution:

= → = 11.31A

When m=0.9,

= 13.4A
Exercise 06
Sketch the AM wave
(t)= 10 Cos (12560t)
Solution:
Comparing with standard form of AM equation,
Ac=10 ; m=0.25 ; Am=2.5 ; fc=2kHz ; fm=1kHz
Frequency Modulation
Process of altering the frequency of the carrier signal with respect to the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.

Both Carrier and Message are analog

Modulating Signal(Message) + Carrier Signal = Frequency Modulated Signal

FM Waveform
Representation of FM Wave
f FM = fC + Kf m(t)
Kf is the frequency sensitivity, fC is the carrier frequency
m(t) is the modulating signal

VFM (t) = AC cos[2fct + βsin (2fmt)] ,

where the modulation index

By Carson’s rule,
is the frequency deviation
Exercise 01
Exercise 02
PULSE MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
Digital Transmission of Analog Data

Message Signal → Analog

Carrier Signal → Digital

Types
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Pulse Amplitude
Modulation(PAM)
Here the signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is made
proportional to the amplitude of the message signal at the instant of
sampling.
PAM Waveform
Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)
Here the amplitude and starting time of each pulse is fixed but the
width of each pulse is made proportional to the amplitude of the
modulating analog signal at that instant
PWM Waveform
Pulse Position Modulation(PPM)
Both the amplitude and the duration are kept constant while the
position of each pulse in relation to the position of a recurrent
reference pulse is varied by each instantaneous sampled value of the
modulating signal

Note: Fixed amplitude & Fixed width pulse at every falling edge of PWM
wave
PPM Waveform
Digital Modulation Techniques
Message Signal → Digital
Carrier Signal → Analog

Types
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Amplitude of the carrier is changed in accordance with the binary
information to be transmitted

Frequency and phase of the carrier are kept fixed.

Bit 1 is transmitted by a carrier of one particular amplitude. Bit 0 is

transmitted by changing the amplitude to 0 Volt or no signal in this
case.
Waveform
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Frequency of the carrier is changed in accordance with the binary
information.

One frequency for bit 1 and another frequency for bit 0.

Waveform
.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Phase of the sinusoidal carrier is changed in accordance with the binary
information.

Phase in this context is the starting angle at which the sinusoid starts.

To transmit bit 0, the phase of the sinusoid is shifted by 180o whereas to

transmit bit 1, the phase of the sinusoidal carrier is shifted by another 180o.

Thus the carrier phase shift represents the change in the state of the
information.
Waveform