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The document discusses various database applications and contrasts file-based systems with database management systems (DBMS). It highlights the limitations of file-based approaches, such as data isolation and duplication, and introduces the benefits of a database approach, including controlled access and user-defined views. The summary emphasizes the importance of DBMS in organizing and managing data effectively.

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Syeda Javeria Zahid
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2 views18 pages

1_Intro-1

The document discusses various database applications and contrasts file-based systems with database management systems (DBMS). It highlights the limitations of file-based approaches, such as data isolation and duplication, and introduces the benefits of a database approach, including controlled access and user-defined views. The summary emphasizes the importance of DBMS in organizing and managing data effectively.

Uploaded by

Syeda Javeria Zahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Examples of Database Applications

• Purchases from the supermarket


• Purchases using your credit card
• Booking a holiday at the travel agents
• Using the campus library
• Taking out insurance
• Using the Internet
• Studying at university
File-Based Systems
• Early attempt to Computerize the manual
filing system
• Collection of application programs that
perform services for the end users (e.g.
reports).
• Each program defines and manages its own
data.
Manual Filing Systems
• Works well
– while number of items to be stored is small
– For only storage or retrieval functionality of
large number of items
File-Based Systems
• Consider DreamHome example for file-
based systems
– Sales Department : responsible for selling and
renting of properties
– Contract Department: responsible for handling
lease agreements
Sales Department
• PropertyForRent
(propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent,
ownerNo)
• Client
(clientNo, fName, lName, telNo, preftype, maxRent)
• PrivateOwner
(ownerNo, fName, lName, address, telNo)
Contract Department

• Lease
(leaseNo, propertyNo, clientNo, rent , paymentMethod, deposit,
paid, rentStart, rentFinish, duration)
• PropertyForRent
(propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent)
• Client
(clientNo, fName, lName, telNo, preftype, maxRent)
File-Based Processing
Limitations of File-Based Approach

• Separation and isolation of data


– Each program maintains its own set of data.
– Users of one program may be unaware of
potentially useful data held by other programs.
– For example, if we want to produce a list of all
houses that match the requirements of the clients.
• Duplication of data
– Decentralized approach taken by each department.
– Same data is held by different programs.
– Wasted space and potentially different values
and/or different formats for the same item.
Limitations of File-Based Approach..

• Data dependence
– File structure is defined in the program code.

• Incompatible file formats


– Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each other’s files.

• Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application


programs
– Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
– Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
• Arose because:
– Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently.
– No control over access and manipulation of data beyond
that imposed by application programs.

• Result:
– the database and Database Management System
(DBMS).
Database
• Shared collection of logically related data, and a
description of this data, designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
• System catalog (metadata) provides description
of data to enable program-data independence.
• Logically related data comprises entities,
attributes, and relationships of an
organization’s information.
Database Management System (DBMS)

• A software system that enables users to


define, create, maintain, and control access
to the database.

• (Database) application program: a


computer program that interacts with
database by issuing an appropriate request
(SQL statement) to the DBMS.
Database Management System (DBMS)..
Database Approach
• Data definition language (DDL).
– Permits specification of data types, structures and any
data constraints.
– All specifications are stored in the database.

• Data manipulation language (DML).


– General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.
Database Approach..
• Controlled access to database may include
– A security system
• Which prevents unauthorized users accessing the database
– An integrity system
• Which maintains the consistency of stored data
– A concurrency control system
• Which allows shared access of the database
– A recovery control system
• Which restores the database to a previous consistent state in case of
hardware or software failure
– A user-accessible catalog
• Which contains description of the data in the database
Views
• Allows each user to have his or her own
view of the database.

• A view is essentially some subset of the


database.
Views - Benefits
• Reduce complexity
• Provide a level of security
• Provide a mechanism to customize the
appearance of the database
• Present a consistent, unchanging picture of
the structure of the database, even if the
underlying database is changed
Summary
• Introduction to DB and DBMS
• File-based systems and their limitations
• Database approach

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