REMEMBER ME…
1.This method involves simply
picking out all the unwanted
substances by hand and
separating them from useful
ones.
HANDPICKING
• This method involves simply
picking out all the unwanted
substances by hand and
separating them from useful
ones.
2. the process of separating the
insoluble solid from the liquid
substance by allowing the liquid to
pass through a porous material
called filtering agent.
Filtration
2. the process of separating the
insoluble solid from the liquid
substance by allowing the liquid to
pass through a porous material
called filtering agent.
3. method used to separate the
liquid layer known as supernatant
and a heavy insoluble solid known
as precipitate by allowing the said
solid to settle at the bottom
Decantation
3. method used to separate the
liquid layer known as supernatant
and a heavy insoluble solid known
as precipitate by allowing the said
solid to settle at the bottom
4. process uses the difference in
the degrees to which
substances are absorbed on the
surface of an inert substance
such as a filter paper.
Chromatography
4. process uses the difference in
the degrees to which
substances are absorbed on the
surface of an inert substance
such as a filter paper.
5. I made the PERIODIC TABLE !
I am Dmitri Mendeleev!
5. I made the PERIODIC TABLE !
How do you read the PERIODIC
TABLE?
7
8
9
How do you read the PERIODIC
TABLE?
How do I find the number of
protons, electrons, and neutrons
in an element using the periodic
table?
o# of PROTONS = 10
o# of ELECTRONS = 11
o# of NEUTRONS = 12
How do I find the number of
protons, electrons, and neutrons
in an element using the periodic
table?
o # of PROTONS = ATOMIC NUMBER
o # of ELECTRONS = ATOMIC NUMBER
o # of NEUTRONS = ATOMIC _ ATOMIC
WEIGHT NUMBER
TEST ME If u can…
hahaha
1. Which of the following subatomic
particles has the smallest mass
a.Electron
b.b. Neutron
c. Proton
d. Nucleus
2. Atoms that have the same number of protons
but different numbers of neutrons are called
A: fat atoms
B: electrons
C: isotopes
3.Isotopes differ in __________, not
atomic number.
A: mass
B: volume
C: density
4. The mass number is the sum of...
A:the electrons and protons
B: protons and neutrons
C: neutrons and electrons
5. How many neutrons are in
potassium-40?
A: 19
B: 40
C: 21
Guess Me!
• https://orise.orau.gov/resources/k12/documents/harnessed-
atom/build-an-atom/index.html
ISOTOPES
The components of an atom.
Do you know how isotopes
were formed? What are the
common examples of it?
As shown above, Carbon
can be written as “C “for
it is known as its
chemical symbol. The
total number of protons
in an atom determines its
atomic number. Meaning,
atomic number only
relies on proton and
cannot be influenced by
the number of neutron
The number of protons in the nucleus
determines the identity of the atom. For
example, atoms that contain 1 proton in their
nucleus are hydrogen atoms, while atoms that
contain 6 protons in their nucleus are carbon
atoms.
In a neutral atom that carries zero negative
charge, the number of electrons surrounding the
nucleus is equal to the number of protons in the
nucleus.
ACTIVITY: YOU CAN DO IT!
-Fill up the blanks with letters to
complete each word that corresponds
to its definition. Hunt the words in the
table below by simply crossing it out,
it may be arranged in vertical,
horizontal and diagonal manner.
Definition of isotope
• Atoms with the same number of protons
in the nucleus can have different
numbers of neutrons. Atoms with the
same number of protons but different
number of neutrons are isotopes of the
same element. Typically, the number of
protons and neutrons are equal, but this
is not always the case.
Refers to different species of atoms of the
same chemical element. All isotopes of an
element share the same atomic number (the
number of protons in their nucleus) and the
same arrangement of electrons. However,
isotopes differ in their atomic masses, the total
number of protons and neutrons in their
nucleus.
For example:
• the most common isotope of
carbon is 12C, which has six protons
and six neutrons. However, 238U is
the most common isotope of
uranium, which clearly has many
more neutrons than protons.
Another difference among isotopes is the mass.
Since neutrons have one mass unit, different isotopes of
the same element have different masses. This
difference, although it cannot change the nature of
chemical reactions, could influence the rate of reactions.
For reactions that involve hydrogen atoms, this effect
could be significant because the three different
hydrogen isotopes have very different masses (the mass
of 2H is twice of that of 1H). Biochemists often utilize this
effect to study the mechanism of enzymatic reactions
• When speaking of different isotopes, a special kind of
notation is used:
14C
• Here, the superscript number is the mass number, or the
total number of neutrons and protons present in the atom.
The subscript number is the atomic number, or the number
of protons in the nucleus. Other ways to write this same
isotope include:
14C Carbon - 14
Properties and practical uses of
isotopes
Isotopes of the same elements tend
to behave the same in chemical
reactions, which only involve the
electrons surrounding the nucleus.
However, there are several differences
in isotopes that make them very useful
in many applications.
Different isotopes can differ dramatically in stability.
Some isotopes are very stable, while others are unstable
and decay spontaneously and emit radiation (energy)
when the decay happens. Thus the unstable isotopes are
called radioactive isotopes. For example, 31P is a stable
isotope of phosphorus, while 32P is a radioactive isotope.
Because radioactivity can be easily detected, radioactive
isotopes are very useful in labeling and tracing chemical
species in biochemistry or medical applications, for
example to track the spread of a drug in the body .
Same Element Different Atom-
Isotopes
All atoms of a particular element are not exactly alike.
Some elements have atoms with different masses (isotopes)
1.What is the relationship between the
number of protons and the number of
electrons in an atom?
2.What do all carbon isotopes in common
that distinguishes them from atoms and
isotopes of other elements?
Isotope Example
35
Cl 37
Cl
17 17
chlorine - 35 chlorine - 37
Solution
12
C 13
C 14
C
6 6 6
#P __6___ _ 6___ ___6___
#N __6___ _ _7___ ___8___
#E __6___ _ 6___ ___6___
Zinc problem
An atom of zinc has a mass number of 65.
A. Number of protons in the zinc atom
1) 30 2) 35 3) 65
B. Number of neutrons in the zinc atom
1) 30 2) 35 3) 65
C. What is the mass number of a zinc isotope
with 37 neutrons?
1) 37 2) 65 3) 67
Solution to Zinc Problem
An atom of zinc has a mass number of 65.
A. Number of protons in the zinc atom
1) 30
B. Number of neutrons in the zinc atom
2) 35
C. What is the mass number of a zinc isotope
with 37 neutrons?
3) 67
Isotope or nuclide notation
• C-14 and C -12
When you see the symbol of the element and a dash, the
number after it is the mass number.
This is another way of modeling isotopes.
Let us test your understanding! Have
you well understood our lesson?
-Directions: Refer to the
table below. Fill up the
necessary data in order to
complete each empty cells.
Atomic Mass of Magnesium
Isotopes Mass of Isotope Abundance
24
Mg = 24.0 amu .787
Mg
25
= 25.0 amu .1013
26
Mg = 26.0 amu
.1117
How to Calculate Percent Abundances
• The nuclei of atoms contain only
protons and neutrons, and each of
these has, by definition, a mass of
approximately 1 atomic mass unit
(amu). The atomic weight of each
element – which does not include the
weights of electrons, which are
considered negligible – should therefore
be a whole number.
• A quick perusal of the periodic table,
however, shows that the atomic
weights of most elements contain a
decimal fraction. This is because the
listed weight of each element is an
average of all the naturally occurring
isotopes of that element.
Example with 2 ISOTOPES
1. Boron has two naturally occurring
isotopes: B-10 with a mass of 10.013
amu and B-11 with a mass of 11.009
amu. The average atomic mass of
boron, according to the periodic table, is
10.811 amu.
a = b (x) + c (1 - x).
• In the equation, "a" is the
average atomic mass, "b" is the
atomic mass of one isotope, "c" is
the atomic mass of the other
isotope, and "x" is the abundance
of the first isotope.
2.Bromine has two naturally
occurring isotopes: Br-79 with a mass of
78.918 amu and Br-81 with a mass of
80.916 amu. The average atomic mass
of boron, according to the periodic table,
is 79.9 amu.
3.
NOTE:
This formula only works for two unknown
percentages. For elements with three or
more isotopes, this formula can only be used
if all but two of the percent abundances are
When are isotopes stable?
Isotopes are said to be stable if, when left
alone, they show no perceptible tendency to
change spontaneously. A uniform scale of
nuclear stability that applies to both stable and
unstable isotopes alike is based on comparing
measured isotope masses with the masses of
their constituent electrons, protons, and
neutrons.
