Treatment of water

 Softening of Water (permanent H )

 1. Lime soda method

 2. Zeolite process or Permutit Process
 3. Ion-Exchange or deionization or
demineralization

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 Methods for softening of
water
 Lime soda

 Zeolite process or Permutit Process

 Ion exchange or deionization or demineralization

process

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 Lime Soda Process
Principle – Chemically convert all the soluble hardness causing
impurities into insoluble precipitates which may be removed by
settling and filtration.

In L-S process
A] Lime [Ca(OH)2] is added as a source of OH- ion.
B] Soda(Na2CO3)as a source of CO32- ion

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 Lime and soda convert all soluble Ca2+, Mg2+ salt into insoluble
CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 ppt. which are filtered off.

 Chemical Reactions
Lime removes temporary hardness
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3↓ + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3↓ + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O (twice of L is
required )

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 Lime & soda removes
Permanent Hardness

 MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 ↓ +

CaCl2
 MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 → CaSO4 +
Mg(OH)2

 CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3↓ +2

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NaCl
 Lime & soda removes free mineral acid
 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O
 H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 → CaSO4 + 2H2O

 Lime removes dissolved CO2 and H2S

 CO2 + Ca(OH)2→ CaCO3 ↓ + H2O
 H2S + Ca(OH)2→ CaS↓ + 2H2O
 2HCO3- + Ca(OH)2→ CaCO3 ↓ + H2O+CO32-

⇒ Mg(OH)2 is removed in form of insoluble sludge & CaSO4 in form of

CaCO3

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 Methods = Raw water + cal quantity of lime-soda +
coagulants

 Coagulants = Sod. aluminate or alum, aluminium sulphate,

ferrous sulphate

 Coagulants facilitate the settling down of the finely divided ppt

particles so that the sludge formed can be filtered off easily.

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 NaAlO2 + 2 H2O → NaOH +Al(OH)3

 Al2(SO4)3 + 3 Ca(HCO3)2 → 2Al(OH)3↓ +3 CaSO4+

6CO2↑

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 Cold Lime- Soda Method
 Water , L-S and coagulants are added from the top into the inner
chamber of a cylindrical tank.

 The process bring down the hardness to

50 -60 ppm.

 The cold L-S process is more effective for the removal of carbonate
(temp.) hardness.

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Cold LS

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 Hot Lime soda process
 Involves softening close to boiling temp. of water.
 Elevated temp.
 1.Accelerate the actual chemical reaction.
 2. Reduces the viscosity of water .
 3. Increases the rate of aggregation of sludge particle.
 4. Increases the rate of settling and filtration (low quantity of
coagulants needed)
 5. Dissolved O2, CO2 and air are expelled.

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Hot LS

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Advantages of Hot LS over
cold LS
1.The reaction is completed within
a short period of time
2.Silica also get precipitated by
adding MgO and lime at 500 C
3.The quantity of chemical used is
reduced.
4.The Precipitate formed is
granular and more dense and can
be easily removed
5.Temporary hardness, free CO2,
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 Advantages of LS method
1. It is economical. Require very less amount of coagulants.
2. Increases the pH of the softened water thereby reducing
corrosion of feed and distribution pipes.
3. The microbial load, pathogenic organism is considerably
reduced due to alkaline nature of water.
4. Quantity of minerals, Fe and Mn are also removed.

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 Disadvantages of LS method : -
1. Inability to soften water to less than 15-20.

2. Generation of large amount of sludge and its disposal. The

process also requires well trained and skilled operator.

3. Process is slow, ppt of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 are fine and tend to
produce super saturated ,which results in after deposition in the
boiler and pipes

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Lime required = 74/100 [ Temp. Calcium Hardness +
2(Temp. Mg Hardness)+ Perm. (Mg2+ ,Fe2+ , Al3+)
+ CO2 + H+ (HCl, H2SO4) + HCO3- - NaAlO2
in terms of CaCO3 eq] x Vol of water

Soda required = 106/100[perm (Ca2+, Mg2+,Fe2+, Al3+)

+ H+ (HCl, H2SO4) - HCO3- ] x Vol of water

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 Numerical
100 parts by mass of CaCO3 are equivalent to 74 parts of lime and 106
of soda.

Lime required = 74/100 [ TCaH + 2(TMgH)+ P(Mg2+ ,Fe2+ , Al3+) + CO2 +

H+ (HCl, H2SO4) + HCO3- - NaAlO2 in terms of CaCO3 eq]

Soda required = 106/100[P(Ca2+, Mg2+,Fe2+, Al3+) + H+ (HCl, H2SO4) -

HCO3-

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 Substances like NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, SiO2, Fe2O3 etc do not impart
hardness, therefore should not be taken into consideration for
calculation

 When the impurities are given as CaCO3/MgCO3 these should be

considered due to bicarbonates of Ca/ Mg res.

 If treated water contains OH- and CO32- ions, then these are formed
from excess of lime and soda, so these excess amount should be
added to the calculation.

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 OH- conc. is added in lime whereas and CO32- is added to soda.

 If Ca conc. is given in form of its ions [ Ca2+] then it should be

treated as permanent hardness.
(The conc. should be taken into consideration for calculating the soda
requirement only.)

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 Molecular weight of HCl = 73 (2 x 36.5)
2 HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O

 Molecular weight of HCO3- = 122

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2 CaCO3↓ + 2 H2O

 Molecular weight of OH- = 34

Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 → 2 CaCO3↓ + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O

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 Molecular
weight
 MgSO4 = 120
 CO2 = 44
 MW. Of CaCO3 = 100
 HCl = 73
 M.W. of Ca2+ = 40
 Al2(SO4)3 = 114
 Ca(HCO3)2 = 162
 HCO3- = 122
 CaSO4 = 136
 CO3- = 60
 CaCl2 = 111
 OH- = 34
 MgCO3 = 84
 NaAlO2 = 164
 Mg2+ = 24
 Mg(HCO3)2 = 146
 MgCl2 = 95

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