DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
(Course Code: CSE 4007)
Module-2:Lecture-4
SPATIAL DOMAIN FILTERING
2D- CORRELATION & CONVOLUTION
Transfer functions of
ideal 1-D filters in
the frequency
domain (a) Lowpass
filter. (b) Highpass
filter. (c) Bandreject
filter. (d) Bandpass
filter. (As before, we
show only positive
frequencies for
simplicity.)
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Spatial Domain Filtering 2
Basic Spatial Filters
Summary of the four principal spatial filter types expressed in terms of lowpass filters. The
centers of the unit impulse and the filter kernels coincide.
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Spatial Domain Filtering 3
SMOOTHING SPATIAL FILTERS
One of the simplest spatial filtering operations we can perform is a smoothing operation.
Smoothing filters are used for blurring and for noise reduction
Blurring is used in removal of small details and bridging of small gaps in lines or curves
Smoothing spatial filters include linear filters and nonlinear filters.
Simply average all of the pixels in a neighbourhood around a central value
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Spatial Domain Filtering 4
SMOOTHING SPATIAL FILTERS-MATHEMATICAL NOTATION
The general implementation for filtering an M N image
with a weighted averaging filter of size m n is given
a b
w(s, t ) f ( x s, y t )
g ( x, y ) s a t b a b
w( s, t )
s a t b
where m 2a 1, n 2b 1.
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Spatial Domain Filtering 5
SMOOTHING SPATIAL FILTERS-MATHEMATICAL NOTATION
Origin x
104 100 108 1
/9 1
/9 1
/9
* /9 /9 /9
1 1 1
99 106 98
95 90 85 1
/9 1
/9 1
/9
Original Image Filter
Simple 3*3
1
/9 100
104 1
/9 108
/9 106
1 1
1
/9
/9 198
/9
3*3 Smoothing Pixels
The above is
99
Neighbourhood /9 190
1
95 /9 185
/9 Filter repeated for every
e = 1/9*106 + pixel in the original
1
/9*104 + 1/9*100 + 1/9*108 + image to generate
1
/9*99 + 1/9*98 + the smoothed
y Image f (x, y) image.
1
/9*95 + 1/9*90 + 1/9*85
= 98.3333
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Spatial Domain Filtering 6
SMOOTHING SPATIAL FILTERS
The image at the top left is an original image
of size 500*500 pixels
The subsequent images show the image after
filtering with an averaging filter of increasing
sizes 3, 5, 9, 15 and 35
Notice how detail begins to disappear
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Spatial Domain Filtering 7
SMOOTHING SPATIAL FILTERS
By smoothing the original image we get rid of lots of
the finer detail which leaves only the gross features for
thresholding
Original Image Smoothed Image Thresholded Image
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Spatial Domain Filtering 8
SMOOTHING SPATIAL FILTERS
— Nonlinear
— Based on ordering (ranking) the pixels contained in the filter mask
`
— Replacing the value of the center pixel with the value determined by the ranking result
E.g., median filter, max filter, min filter
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Spatial Domain Filtering 9
MEDIAN FILTER
– The median filter is non linear:
median{x y} median{x} median{ y}
– It works well for impulse noise (e.g. salt and pepper).
– It requires sorting of the image values.
– It preserves the edges better than an average filter in the
`
case of impulse noise.
– It is robust to impulse noise at 50%.
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Spatial Domain Filtering 10
AVERAGE VS MEDIAN FILTERS
Filtering is often used to remove noise from images
Sometimes a median filter works better than an
averaging filter
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Spatial Domain Filtering 11
STRANGE THINGS HAPPENS AT THE EDGES…
At the edges of an image we are missing
pixels to form a neighbourhood
Origin x
e e
e e e
y
Image f (x, y)
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Spatial Domain Filtering 12
STRANGE THINGS HAPPENS AT THE EDGES…
There are a few approaches to dealing with missing edge pixels:
Omit missing pixels
• Only works with some filters
• Can add extra code and slow down processing
Pad the image
`
• Typically with either all white or all black pixels
Replicate border pixels
Truncate the image
Allow pixels wrap around the image
• Can cause some strange image artefacts
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Spatial Domain Filtering 13
`
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Spatial Domain Filtering 14
Wrap Padding
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Spatial Domain Filtering 15
Wrap Padding
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Spatial Domain Filtering 16
Problems on Smoothing Filters
Filter the given 4 x 4 gray level image with
`
a. 3 x 3 mean filter using zero padding
b. 3 x 3 weighted mean filter using wrap-around technique for border handling.
c. 5x5 median filter processing using replication for handling border pixels.
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Spatial Domain Filtering 17
Pixel Relationships 18
