CARBON AND ITS
COMPOUNDS
-Shlok Srivastava
CARBON (resume)
◦Atomic no. – 6
◦Atomic Mass – 12 amu.
◦Electronic configuration – 2 , 4
◦Carbon is – TETRAVALENT (valency-
4)
◦Covalent Bonding and Catenation
◦Versatile Nature
◦Variety of Allotropes
◦Earth Crust – 0.02% Carbon (in
form of carbonates, hydrogen
carbonates, coal, petroleum)
◦Atmosphere – 0.03% Carbon (in
form of Carbon dioxide)
◦Ionic bonding is a type
Ionic Bonding of chemical bond in
kon hai? which valence electrons
are lost from one atom
and gained by another.
This exchange results in
a more stable, noble gas
electronic configuration
for both atoms involved.
◦Example:
Na + Cl = NaCl
Here, Na has 1(e-) and Cl has
7(e-) in their valence shells.
Bonding in Carbon – Covalent Bonding
(ab ye kya hai?)
◦Usually Carbon does not form Ionic bonds as losing or gaining
four electron requires a large amount of energy.
◦Instead it makes COVALENT BONDS
◦COVALENT BOND – These bonds are formed by sharing of
electrons between two atoms, so that both can achieve
complete orbits without LOSS or GAINING electrons.
Why Covalent Bonding? (aayein?)
◦Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell which means it needs four
more electrons to attain the nearest noble gas configuration.
◦Either it will lose four electrons or gain four electrons
◦THE PROBLEM WITH IONIC BONDING -
◦It could GAIN 4 electrons forming C(4-) Anion but it would be difficult for the
nucleus with 6 protons to hold on to 10 electrons , i.e., 4 extra electrons.
◦It could also LOSE 4 electrons forming C(4+) Cation however it would require
a large amount of energy to remove for electrons leaving behind carbon
cation with 6 protons and its nucleus holding onto just 2 electrons.
◦SOLUTION –
◦Hence we get the solution as covalent bonding as it requires sharing of
Electrons which will prevent energy loss.
• Catenation (baigan)
◦A property of carbon.
◦Carbon making bonds with other atoms of carbon.
1.Allotropes of Carbon (hey Pabhu !?)
2.Organic Compounds
◦The compounds of carbon except its oxides,
carbonates and hydrogen carbonate salts are known
as organic compounds. These compounds were
initially extracted from natural substances and it was
dope that these carbon compounds could only be
formed within a living system. Thus, it was postulated
that a vital force was necessary for their synthesis.
3.Hydrocarbons (hydrogen carbonate nahi)
Saturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Alkanes – Single covalent 1.Alkenes – Double covalent
bonding between carbon bonding between carbon
atoms. atoms.
2.Alkynes – Triple covalent
bonding between carbon
atoms.
• Homologous Series
◦Same functional group.
◦Successive members differ by a unit.
◦Different physical properties but similar chemical properties.
• General formula for
Homologous Series
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
• Heteroatoms
◦Carbon can also form bonds with other elements such
as halogens(chlorine, bromine, fluorine, iodine),
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur etc. These are called
heteroatoms.
• Functional Groups
◦Heteroatoms replace one or more hydrogen atoms of
the hydrocarbon and are responsible for the chemical
reactivity of the compound. Hence, these are called
functional groups. These groups may be defined as an
‘atom’ or a ‘group of atom’ which makes a carbon
compound reactive and decide its properties.
• Oxygen as a Heteroatom
4.Isomerism (uri ! Me to daar gi)
◦Organic compounds with same molecular formula but different
chemical and physical properties are called isomers this
phenomenon is called isomerism.
◦The difference in properties of this compounds is due to
difference in their structures these different structures are
called structural isomers and the phenomenon is called
structural isomerism.
5.IUPAC
◦Generally, organic compounds have two names i.e. IUPAC and
common names. The IUPAC names have been adopted by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and are
based on certain rules.
◦Writing a IUPAC Name of a compound –
PREFIX + ROOT WORD + PRIMARY SUFFIX + SECONDARY
SUFFIX
• Root Words
No. of Carbon atoms Root Word
1 Carbon atoms Meth
2 Carbon atoms Eth
3 Carbon atoms Prop
4 Carbon atoms But
5 Carbon atoms Pent
6 Carbon atoms Hex
7 Carbon atoms Hept
8 Carbon atoms Oct
9 Carbon atoms Non
10 Carbon atoms Dec
• Prefix
Functional Group Prefix
Chlorine Chloro-
Bromine Bromo-
• Primary Suffix
Hydrocarbon Primary Suffix
Alkane -ane
Alkene -ene
Alkyne -yne
• Secondary Suffix
⚠️If the secondary suffix starts with a vowel,
delete ‘E’ from the Primary suffix.
Functional Group Secondary Suffix
Alcohol -ol
Aldehyde -al
Ketone -one
Carboxylic Acid -oic acid
• Chains for the
Secondary
Suffix
6.Saponification
◦Preparation of Soap.
◦When an Ester is treated with an alkali like sodium
hydroxide, it is converted to an alcohol and a sodium.
salt of the carboxylic acid.
The word ester was
coined in 1848 by a
Ester German chemist Leopold
Gmelin, probably as a
contraction of the
German Essigäther,
"acetic ether".
• Soaps and Detergents
Soap Detergent
Sodium or Potassium salts of Sodium salts of Sulphonic acids
long-chain Carboxylic acids or Ammonium salts with
Chlorides or Bromide ions
Produces SCUM in hard water Does not produces SCUM in
hard water
Hard water affects it cleansing Hard water does not affect its
action cleansing action
REACTIONS
Ab ye bhi yaad karo beth ke 😂
• Important Reactions of
ETHANOL
• Important Reactions of ETHANOIC ACID
QUESTION TIME
Dhyan se Question ka sailaab aane wala hai !!!
