GSM Vs.
CDMA An Overview
Classification Of Existing Systems
Technologies TDMA/FDMA GSM (European Standard) IS 136 (U.S Standard) PDC (Japnese Standard) IS 95 (U.S Standard) CDMA
Evolution Chart
Service type Narrow Band 1G 2G Multi media Wide Band 3G
Broad Band 4G
Voice
Analog AMPS
Digital IS 95 IS 136 GSM
~64kbps 1990
IMT 2000
Wireless Internet Mobile system
~ 24kbps 1980
~2Mbps 2000 Years
~20Mbps 2010
Access technology
PN Code Freq Freq Freq
Time
Time
Time CDMA
FDMA
TDMA
Comparison BetweenTechnologies
Digital Mobile technology CDMA GSM Users Dec-02 145.2 790.5 Users Dec-03 181.0 970.8 Growth in2003 35.4 180.3 % Growth Share Of Growth 15.6% 79.5%
24.3% 22.8%
PDC
TDMA 3 GSM (W CDMA) GLOBAL USER BASE
60.1
107.4 0.2 1103.7
63.1
113.0 2.8 1330.6
3.0
5.5 2.6 226.9
5.0%
5.1% 1708.5% 20.69%
1.3%
2.4% 1.2% 100%
GSM An Overview
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Services Provided By GSM
1. Telephony - Basic Teleservice
2. Other Services -Emergency calling -Voice Messaging
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Services Provided By GSM (Cont..)
3. Bearer Services - Low Speed data transfer (upto 9.6 Kbps) -Group 3 Fax and Sms 4. Suplementary Services - call offering , call forwarding, call restriction, call waiting, call hold. - Multiparty teleconferencing, special schemes
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
General Architecture Of GSM
BSC
HLR
VLR PSTN, ISDN
SIM
BTS MSC BTS Abis BSC EIR A AuC
NS Network Subsystem
ME
MS Um Mobile station
BSS Base Station Subsystem
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks
Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)
Function of Mobile Station: 1. Personal Mobility
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Function of Mobile Station: 1. Personal Mobility
SIM SIM SIM SIM SIM SIM SIM
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks
Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)
Function of Mobile Station: 1. Personal Mobility 2. IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) 3. IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC)
BSC
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard BSC: Base station Controller 1. It manages radio resources for one or more BTS. BSC 2. Allocation and Deallocation of channels. 3. Transmitter power control. 4. Handoff control BTS : Base Tranceiver station
1. It defines the cell .
2. It handles the radio link protocol with the mobile station
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard HLR BSC EIR MSC AuC
VLR
PSTN, ISDN
Network Subsystem MSC: Mobile Switching Center HLR: Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location register AuC: Authentication Center EIR: Equipment Identity Register
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile Switching center:(MSC)
call set up/supervision/release call routing billing information colllection mobility management paging, alerting, echo cancellation connection to BSC, other MSC and other local exchange networks Access to HLR and VLR
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Home Location Register (HLR)
One HLR per GSM operator Contains permanent database of all the subscribers in the network contains MSRN(mobile station routing no.) It is reffered for every incomming call
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Visitor Location Register(VLR)
Temporary visitors database One VLR per MSC
Authentication Center(AuC)
Provides security Authentication and encryption
Equipment Identity Register:
Contains IMEI
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Location Update
VLR BSC MSC
HLR
BSC MSC
GMSC
VLR
PSTN. ISDN
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile call originating
BSC
VLR MSC
HLR
BSC MSC
GMSC
VLR
PSTN. ISDN
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Mobile call terminating
BSC
VLR MSC
HLR
BSC MSC
GMSC
VLR
PSTN. ISDN
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Handoff
MSC
GMSC
MSC
Handoff is of
3 types 1. Intra BSC
2 Inter BSC
BSC BSC BSC 3. Inter MSC
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM Radio Aspects : Uplink(Mobile to base)
890-915 MHz (Total 25 MHz) Downlink ( Base to Mobile) 935-960 MHz (Total 25 MHz) Total 45 MHz spacing for duplex operation
GSM uses TDMA and FDMA
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM Using FDMA
200KHz
1 2 3 4 5 890MHz
Uplink Freq
124 915Mhz
Total Frequency range(Uplink)=25Mhz Spacing between two carriers= 200kHz No. of Carriers=25MHz/200KHz = 124
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM Using TDMA
TDMA Frame is divided into 8 time slots.
Freq Time slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 45MHz 200 KHz
Down Link carrier Up Link carrier
03 3 3 4 5 6 7 1 2
4.6 ms 0.57ms Time
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Classification of channels in GSM Two types
Traffic channels (TCH) Control channels (CCH) Channels are used to carry speech , data and control information. Traffic Channels are defined using 26 TDMA frame multiframe.
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Length of 26 TDMA frames = 120 msec Length of 1 TDMA frame =120/26 = 4.615 msec 1 TDMA frame consists of 8 burst frames Length of 1 burst frame = 0.577msec Out of 26 frames
24 are TCH used for traffic 1 is SACCH used for control 1 is unused
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard Frame Multiframe 10 Tdma Frame 1 2 3 4 5 Duration=120ms 24 25 Duration=4.615ms 6 7
Format of a single Burst Duration=0.577ms 25 57 1 26 57 Data Training Data
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Speech coding
Speech is digitized by PCM, o/p of PCM is 64Kb/s It is further reduced by Regular pulse excitedLinear predictive coder, bit rate achieved 13kb/s for full rate (260 bits in 20 msec) Further encoded for error correction, 456 bits per 20 msec, bit rate = 22.8 Kb/s 456 bits are divided into 8 blocks and transmitted during 8 burst periods.
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Classification of Channels 1 Traffic (TCH)
Speech
Full rate 22.8 kb/s Half rate 11.4 kb/s
Data
9.6kb/s 4.8kb/s 2.4kb/s
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
2 Control (CCH)
Broadcast (BCCH)
Freq correction (FCCH) Synchronization (SCH)
Common (CCH)
Paging (PCH) Access grant (AGCH) Random Access (RACH)
Dedicated (DCCH)
Fast Associative (FACCH) Slow Associative (SACCH) Stand alone (SDCCH)
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
GSM Security
MS NETWORK Random no Ki A3 Ki A8 Ki A3 SRES Equal Ki A8
Kc SRES
Kc
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) An Overview
CDMA
Classification of CDMA Systems
CDMA SYSTEMS
CDMA one
CDMA 2000 Wide Band
IS95
IS95B
JSTD 008
Narrow Band
CDMA
Multiple Access in CDMA:
Each user is assigned a unique PN code. Each user transmits its information by spreading with unique code. Direct Sequence spread spectrum is used. Users are seperated by code not by time slot and freq slot.
CDMA
Concept of CDMA
Users share same User bandwidth User axis shows cumulative signal strength of all users
Code 4
Code 3
Code2 Code 1 Freq
CDMA
Spread Spectrum and Multiple Access:
Spread Spectrum
In Spread spectrum data is transmitted with BW in excess to minimum BW necessary to send it. Spread spectrum is achieved by spreading with PN code at transmitter . Same code is used to despread the received signal at reciever
How do we get increased spectrum
Wide band code seq Narrow band inputsignal X Wide band Spreaded seq
CDMA
Advantages of spread spectrum:
Multipath Rejection Immunity to interference and jamming Multiple access
User Code 4 Code 3 Code2 Code 1 Freq
CDMA
Comparison between CDMA and TDMA/FDMA:
In TDMA Band width available for transmission is small which leads to compromise in quality of transmission. Whereas in CDMA systems entire spectrum is used which enhances voice quality. In TDMA/FDMA, cell design requires more frequency planning which is tough job. Whereas in CDMA frequency planning is minimal. TDMA is Band limited system. CDMA is Power limited system
CDMA
Types of Codes used in CDMA:
Walsh code
Orthogonal codes In IS 95A and IS 95B 64 Walsh codes are used In CDMA 2000 128 Walsh codes are used
Short PN code(16 bit)
Used to identify the BS and hence the cell
Long PN code(42 bit code)
Used to identify mobile station on reverse link
CDMA
Formation of channels (IS 95)
PN Code( Chip code) has rate of 1.23 MHz Chip rate = 1.23 MHz (spread BW)
Link
Forward Link (BS to MS)
Reverse link (MS to BS)
CDMA
Forward Link (BS to MS)
Forward CDMA Channels
PILOT W0
SYNC W32
PAGE W1
PAGE W7
TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC W0
W9 POWER TRAFFIC CNTRL DATA SUB CH
CDMA
Reverse Link Channel (BS to MS)
Here CDMA ch does not follow strictly orthogonal rule. It consists of 242 logical channels. 42 bit long PN code is used to distinguish between channels.
Reverse CDMA Channels
Access Ch 1
Access Ch n
Traffic Ch 1
Traffic Ch m
m mobiles tryin to gain access to system
m mobiles engaged in calls
CDMA
Other key Factors
Diversity
Time diversity Frequency diversity Space(Path) diversity
Power Control Handoff: It supports Soft Handoff
CDMA
Soft Handoff
Signal strength
Distance
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