MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS
Why mechanical properties?
(To accomplish specific Task under stress)
Force Patterns needs to remember for onward discussion
Strength of Materials
Stiffness of Materials
Understanding the differences between the mechanical properties of strength vs. stiffness vs.
hardness is foundational in engineering, yet these properties are often confused. These
properties are related, but they have important differences:
Stiffness is an indicator of the tendency for an element to return to its original form after
being subjected to a force.
Strength measures how much stress can be applied to an element before it deforms
permanently or fractures.
Hardness measures a material’s resistance to surface deformation. For some metals,
like steel, hardness and tensile strength are roughly proportional.
Ductility and Malleability of Materials
Plasticity and Elasticity of Materials
Creep & Fatigue in the Materials
Concern parties
Factors to be considered include the nature of the applied load and its duration,
as well as the environmental conditions. Mechanical properties are of concern to
a variety of parties
Producers
Consumers
Research organizations
Government agencies
ASTM Standards
CONCEPT OF STRESS AND STRAIN
Material ------- load or force
Mechanical behaviors of materials.
o Response/deformation vs applied load/force.
Mechanical properties ---- strength, hardness, ductility, stiffness.
A force is an influence that causes an object to undergo a certain
change, either concerning its movement, direction, or
geometrical construction.
External forces acting on a rigid body are termed as loads .
STRESS ()
Stress is defined as force divided by cross sectional area.
Types:
1. Compression
2. Tension
3. Shear
TYPES OF STRESS
Tensile Stress
A force which points away
from its point of application.
Compressive Stress
The force which points
Tensile & Compressive stress
towards its point of
application.
Shear Stress
The force which acts parallel
to the cross sectional area.
Shear stress
SCHEMATIC
ILLUSTRATIO
N OF LOAD
VS STRAIN
SCHEMATIC
ILLUSTRATIO
N OF LOAD
VS STRAIN
MECHANICAL STRESS
There are two types of mechanical stress,
1. Elastic Stress
2. Viscous Stress
Elastic stress is related to the solid object and Viscous
stress is related to the fluids.
STRAIN
Strain is defined as “deformation of a solid due to stress”. It is
the amount of deformation which an object experiences
compared to its original size and shape.
where
ε = unitless measure of engineering strain
δl= change of length (m, in)
l = initial length (m, in)
o
E = Young's modulus (Modulus of Elasticity) (Pa, psi)
TYPES OF STRAIN
1. Tensile Strain (a)
2. Compression strain (b)
3. Shear strain (c)
4. Homogeneous strain (d)
5. Non-Homogeneous strain (e)
TYPES OF STRAIN
Homogenous strain (d)
Homogenous strain affects bodies in a regular and uniform
manner.
Strain is constant throughout a body.
TYPES OF STRAIN
Non homogenous strain (e)
Heterogeneous or non-homogenous strain results in distorted
complex forms.
Strain is variable within body.
ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY
A material is said to be perfectly elastic, If deformation
produced in the object due to the application of external load
disappears completely with the removal of the load/stress.
A material is said to be plastic, If deformation is retained after
removing the applied stress.
The point of transition from elastic to plastic is termed Elastic
limit or yield point.
The yield point, *alternatively called the elastic limit*, marks
the end of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic
behavior.
Elastic deformation
Stress – Strain
behavior
Hooke’s law
σ = Eε
Modulus of elasticity
45 – 407 GPa
Non-permanent
Tangent modulus
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Within an elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to strain.
This constant is known as Coefficient of Elasticity or Modulus of
Elasticity.
YOUNG’S MODULUS
It is defined as a ratio of the uniaxial stress
over the uniaxial strain in the range of stress
in which Hooke's Law holds.
Modulus of elasticity
E may be thought
of as stiffness.
Greater the E,
stiffer the material.
With increasing
temperature, the E
diminishes
SHEAR MODULUS (MODULUS OF RIGIDITY)
The ratio of shear stress and shear strain.
BULK MODULUS
The ratio of normal stress and volumetric strain.
Or
Pressure applied/Fractional change in volume of an
object.
Elastic computation
A piece of copper
originally 305 mm (12
in.) long is pulled in
tension with a stress of
276 MPa (40,000 psi). If
the deformation is
entirely elastic, what
will be the resultant
elongation?
Class Activity
A tensile stress is to be
applied along the long axis of a
cylindrical brass rod that has a
diameter of 10 mm (0.4 in.).
Determine the magnitude of
the load required to produce a
2.5 × 10-3mm (10-4 in.) change
in diameter if the deformation
is entirely elastic.
Poisson’s ratio for Brass =
0.34
Solution
Plastic Deformation
Hooke’s law is not
valid
Permanent
deformation
Non recoverable
Elastic to Plastic
deformation
Breaking of bonds and
forming new bonds
STRENGTH TERMS
Tensile strength
A material can withstand the maximum tensile stress before failure.
Compressive Strength
A material can withstand the maximum compressive stress before
failure.
Yield strength
The stress at which plastic deformation starts in the material.
Ultimate strength
The maximum stress a material can withstand.
Stress-Strain Curve
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MATERIAL
PARAMETERS OBTAINED FROM STRESS-STRAIN
ANALYSIS
1. Modulus of elasticity
2. Yield strength
3. Ultimate strength
4. Percent elongation
5. Percent reduction in area
6. General shape of curve to evaluate properties
EXAMPLE
A rod of aluminum 6061-T6 has a square cross section measuring 6mm
by 6mm. Using the yield stress as the failure stress, find the maximum
tensile load that the rod can sustain. The yield stress of aluminum
6061-T6 is 240 MPa.
SOLUTION
σ = 𝐹𝐴 → F = σ * A
Area = 6 (mm) * 6 (mm) = 36 mm2 = 36* 10-6 m2
If the maximum tensile load applied to the rod it will reach the
yield point. So, to find the maximum tensile load:
F=σ*A
= 240 (MPa) * 36 (mm2)
= 240 (106𝑁𝑚2 ) * 36 (10-6 m2)
= 8640 N
Class Activity
Determine the following:
(a) The modulus of elasticity
(b) The yield strength at a strain
offset of 0.002
(c) The maximum load that can
be sustained by a cylindrical
specimen having an original
diameter of 12.8 mm (0.505 in.)
(d) The change in length of a
specimen originally 250 mm (10
in.) long that is subjected to a
tensile stress of 345 MPa (50,000
psi)
Ductility
Ductility is the ability of a metal to be stretched into wires permanently
without fracture.
This is the term used when plastic deformation occurs as a result of
tensile load.
Metals that lack ductility will crack or break before bending.
Example is wire drawing.
Copper, aluminum, and steel are ductile material
Ductility
It can also be expressed as either % elongation or %
reduction in area.
% Elongation = (Lf- Lo/Lo) * 100
% Reduction = (Ao – Af/ Ao) * 100
Lf & Af are the fracture length and cross-sectional area at
the point of fracture respectively.
Necking is a mode of tensile deformation where relatively large amounts
of strain localize disproportionately in a small region of the material.
Malleability
Malleability is the ability of a metal to be hammered, rolled,
or pressed into various shapes without fracture.
This is the term used when plastic deformation occurs as a
result of compressive load.
Its examples are forging & rolling.
Copper, aluminum, and steel are malleable material
Brittleness
Brittleness is the tendency of a material to fracture
without any plastic or little deformation.
This is opposite of ductility & malleability.
Example: A steel rod is bent easily but a grey cast iron rod
breaks when subjected to bent. So, grey cast iron rod is a
brittle material. Glass is a most common example.
Class Activity
A cylindrical specimen of steel having an original diameter
of 12.8 mm (0.505 in.) is tensile tested to fracture and
found to have an engineering fracture strength of 460 MPa
(67,000 psi). If its cross-sectional diameter at fracture is
10.7 mm (0.422 in.), determine:
(a) The ductility in terms of percent reduction in area
(b) The true stress at fracture
Calculation of Strain-Hardening Exponent
Compute the strain-hardening exponent n for an
alloy in which a true stress of 415 MPa (60,000
psi) produces a true strain of 0.10; assume a value
of 1035 MPa (150,000 psi) for K.
