Geographic Information
Systems
1 2
a de
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J.A.(André)Jacobs
[email protected]
WHAT IS A GIS?
• a computer system of hardware, software
and methods
• to capture, manage, manipulate, analyse,
model, display
• spatial data (geographic objects) and
• non-spatial data (attribute data)
• to solve planning and management
problems.
This is the main
purpose of the GIS!
COMPONENTS OF GIS
CPU, screen,
keyboard, mouse,
scanner, printer,
Application
digitizing tablet
programme
such as
ArcView
GIS design
GIS
according to
user’s needs
Maps, aerial photos,
satellite images,
administrative
records, etc.
Data capturers,
data users, GIS
analysts
REMOTE SENSING
• The collecting of information
• about the earth’s surface
• with sensors on platforms
such as weather balloons,
aeroplanes and satellites
• using energy reflected or
radiated from the earth
without being in physical contact with the earth
What is a spatial object?
Spatial objects
Building Point Node
River Line Arc
Orchard Area Polygon
Spatial objects
Geographical phenomena
Line Point
Area
What is resolution?
The ability of a remote sensing sensor to
create a sharp and clear image
Spatial resolution
High Low
Many pixels Less pixels
Small pixels Larger pixels
Objects easily recognised Objects not easily recognised
GIS DATA TYPES
SPATIAL DATA
All geographic features/objects both
natural and man-made
[Map data]
ATTRIBUTE DATA
Characteristics/description/information of
the geographic objects
Spatial data structures
Raster Vector
Pixels Points, lines, areas
(Nodes, arcs, polygons)
Spatial data structures
Raster
Vector
GIS DATA LAYERS
All spatial data whether it
is vector data or raster
data are shown in layers
Each layer represents a
single entity/theme
It is this characteristic that enables a GIS to
manipulate, integrate, and query data.
DATA INTEGRATION
DATA INTEGRATION
The integration of data involves the combination of two or more data
layers in order to create a new one
DATA MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS
* Data can be manipulated (edited and
processed) and analysed by a GIS.
• Transforming from one map projection
to another
• Converting data from raster to vector
format and from vector to raster format
• Interpolation between points (eg. spot
heights)
BUFFERING
It is sometimes necessary to identify zones at different
distances from certain geographic features.
• noise buffers next to roads
• safety buffers for
dangerous areas
QUERYING
Querying
Finding answers about the place/investigating e.g. how many
Perennial rivers are in South Africa?
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Statistical analysis
The collection of data in large amounts and present it.
DATA STANDARDISATION
Data standardisation
Make data similar to other set of data to allow data sharing.
The same symbols must be used for the same feature.
DATA SHARING/SECURITY
Data sharing
Make data available for other users to access eg email,
google drives, links, “file gooi” for larger files, internet
Data security
To protect data against unwanted actions , unauthorised users
or the sensitive nature of it.
This can be done by encryption, firewall,
passwords, PDF, facial recognition, finger print
passwords
NOW LET’S GIS
Road Examples of:
Cultivated • Points/nodes
fields • Lines/arcs
• Areas/Polygons
Schools
Using both the vector and raster data structure,
show a road, the two schools and the cultivated fields
Create an attribute table for the hospital
Vector
REMEMBER
Points, lines, areas
(Nodes, arcs, polygons)
Raster
REMEMBER
Pixels
POSSIBLE ATTRIBUTES
Name of hospital Number of nursing
Street address personnel
Postal address Intensive care unit
Geographical Coordinates Paediatric centre
Number of beds Number of operating
Number of doctors theatres
HOW TO USE GIS?
In Grade 12 Paper 1 & 2
Determine/identify/name which data
layers to use in solving a problem?
Without thinking about GIS
identify factors/issues that play a role or
relates to the problem
This will also be the data layers needed
in the analysis to get the solution to the
problem?
Shops Floods Crime
1. Available plots 1. Relief 1. Type
2. Costs of plots (contours) 2. Location
3. Distance to 2. History 3. Time
other shops 3. Rainfall figures 4. Frequency
4. Client base 4. 50 year 5. Risk zones
5. Client buying floodline 6. Neighbourhoo
habits 5. Development d
6. Central place above 50yfl characteristics
7. Influence 6. Development
sphere below 50yfl
7. Bridges
8. Residential
areas affected
9. Evacuation
routes
Telecom Terrain
1. Relief 1.
Analysis
Vegetation type
(contours) 2. Vegetation
2. Viewsheds structure
3. Intervisibilty 3. Soil type
4. Distance 4. Soil texture
between 5. Soil moisture
towers 6. Slopes
5. Signal 7. Aspect
strength 8. Surface roughness
Application
Create a bufferzone of
250m around marsh/vlei
area
Remember that 250m in
reality will be 5mm on a
1:50 000 map
