IMMUNOLOGY

BREAKTHROUGH
Here is where your presentation begins
1: List of the maternal-neonatal
infections with congenital
neonatal anomalies
by : Abdulelah Abdullah Ali
NO: 442014218
 TORCH Infections
● What is a TORCH infection?

● A TORCH infection, also known as TORCH syndrome, is an infection of the developing fetus
or newborn that can occur in utero, during delivery, or after birth. It can be caused by any
one of a group of infectious agents indicated in the acronym TORCH:
● Toxoplasma gondii
● Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects most species
of warm-blooded animals, including humans, and causes the disease
toxoplasmosis.

● Rubella
● Rubella is an RNA virus, a member of the Togaviridae family and the
genus Rubivirus.
● Postnatal rubella is a rather benign illness, but congenital rubella can
result in a variety of serious medical problems.
● Rubella vaccine was developed primarily to prevent congenital rubella
from occurring.
● Cytomegalovirus
● is a double-stranded DNA virus, a member of the Herpesviridae
family, and infects a high percentage of humans worldwide.
● HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic, but may cause severe
congenital infection and severe disease in immunocompromised
transplant and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients.

● Herpes simplex virus

● The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is very contagious, and the two
types of the virus can be transmitted in two ways. HSV-1, also called
oral herpes, can be transmitted through the exchange of oral
secretions (e.g., kissing, sharing utensils, sharing drinks, etc.), while
HSV-2 is a sexually transmitted disease. HSV usually infects a
newborn during passage through the birth canal. In infants, HSV can
cause blisters and inflammation of the brain, known as
meningoencephalitis.
● Other agents
● Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
● HIV
● Zika virus
● parvovirus B19
● Treponema pallidum,
● varicella zoster virus (VZV)

Reference
https://www.osmosis.org/answers/torch-infection
 2. Description of
Microbes Causing
Maternal-Neonatal
Infections with
Congenital Neonatal
Anomalies.
By: Abdullah Mohammed Saud Alzahrani
NO: 443023427
 INTRODUCTION

Maternal-neonatal infections with congenital

neonatal anomalies represent a significant
health concern, they can lead to a wide range
of potentially devastating consequences for
newborns. The microbes responsible for these
infections and their associated anomalies
display many characteristics and differ from
viruses, bacteria or parasites.
 Toxoplasma gondii

• Toxoplasma gondii, is an obligate intracellular single-

celled parasite that resides within various warm-
blooded animals, including humans.

• It is an opportunistic pathogen that has three

morphological forms tachyzoite, bradyzoite and
sporulated oocyst.

• Congenital toxoplasmosis, is a result of vertical

transmission from infected mothers. In neonates it
causes a severe infection with devastating sequelae.
 Toxoplasma gondii

Sporulated oocyst Tachyzoite Bradyzoite

 Cytomegalovirus

• CMV is a double-stranded, DNA virus it is a member of

the viral family known as herpesviruses,
Herpesviridae, or human herpesvirus-5.

• Like other herpesviruses, CMV is opportunistic

pathogen that remains dormant in the host until the
immune system is compromised. This can lead to
congenital CMV
 Treponema Pallidum

• Treponema pallidum is a member of the Treponema

genus, it is a microaerophilic spirochete bacterium
distinguished by its helical coil structure and thick
phospholipid membrane.

• Syphilis is a sexually
transmitted infection that is
caused by treponema
pallidum, it can also be
transmitted vertically from
an infected mother to the
fetus.
 Listeria monocytogenes

• Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative, intracellular,

gram-positive rod shape bacteria that is responsible for
causing listeriosis. It causes severe infections in elderly,
neonates and the immunocompromised individuals.

• Listeria is catalase positive

and belongs to the
Listeriaceae family. L.
monocytogenes is very
resilient due to being a
psychrophile facultative
anaerobic bacteria.
 Zika Virus

• Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus it is a member of

the flavivirus genus within the family Flaviviridae.

• Zika virus is transmitted primarily

through bites of infected Aedes
mosquitoes, but it can also be
transmitted by sexual contact or
vertical transmission from an infected
mother to fetus which can lead to
Congenital Zika Syndrome resulting in
abnormalities.
 Conclusion

In conclusion a wide range of microbes,

including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can
cause maternal-neonatal infections that can
result in congenital neonatal anomalies, each
with different transmission routes and varying
impacts on pregnancy and fetal development.
The consequences can range from mild vision
problems to severe malformations and
developmental delays.
 References

1. Kota AS, Shabbir N. Congenital Toxoplasmosis.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545228/

2. Gupta M, Shorman M. Cytomegalovirus.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459185/

3. Rogalla D, Bomar PA. Listeria Monocytogenes.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534838/

4. Radolf JD. Treponema. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology.

4th edition. Chapter 36.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7716/

5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5853281/
 3. Describe the
pathogenesis of maternal-
neonatal microbial
infections with congenital
neonatal anomalies.

By: Mazen Ahmed Jarallah 443025756

Abdullah Mshhour Saeed 443026562
 INTRODUCTION
Infections acquired in utero or during the birth process are a
significant cause of fetal and neonatal mortality and an
important contributor to early and later childhood morbidity.
The infected newborn infant may show abnormal growth,
developmental anomalies, or multiple clinical and laboratory
abnormalities
It includes:
Toxoplasmosis
syphilis
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
 Rubella Virus
Rubella is one of the most teratogenic viruses. Enveloped,
positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus Humans are the only
natural hosts

Fetal infection results from transplacental transmission, and lead

to virus-induced impaired cellular division, direct cytopathic
effects.

Rubella infection during embryogenesis leads to the classic triad

of cataracts, congenital heart defects, and sensorineural
deafness;
 Toxoplasmosis
Congenital infection
• Caused by protozoa Toxoplasma gondii
• TORCH infection
• Obligate intracellular parasite
• Transplacental transmission to fetus
• Miscarriage
• stillbirth
• birth defects or problems after the baby is born like:
1. Chorioretinitis
2. Diffuse intracranial calcifications
3. Hydrocephalus
 Congenital Cytomegalovirus
• is one of the most common causes of vertical infections
globally.

• It is the single most common cause of congenital hearing loss.

• Transmission:
• Fetus: transplacental transmission from an infected mother

• Newborn: during birth or postnatal via breastmilk from infected

mother.
 Congenital CMV
• Pathogenesis of Congenital CMV:

• Trophoblast infection: CMV has a particular affinity for

trophoblast cells, which are part of the placenta. The virus can
infect these cells and establish a localized infection within the
placenta.

• Hematogenous spread: From the placenta, CMV can

disseminate through the fetal bloodstream, allowing it to reach
various organs and tissues throughout the fetus's body.
 Congenital syphilis
• Transmission:
• Humans are the only natural host of T. pallidum.

. Congenital syphilis generally is acquired through

transplacental transmission during maternal
spirochetemia.

. or, occasionally, through direct contact with an infectious

lesion during birth.

. T. pallidum is not transferred in breast milk, but

transmission may occur if the mother has an infectious
lesion (eg, chancre) on her breast
 Cont…

• Transmission:
• Transplacental transmission of T. pallidum can occur at
any time during gestation but occurs with increasing
frequency as gestation advances.

. Women with untreated primary or secondary syphilis are

more likely to transmit syphilis to their fetuses than
women with latent disease.
 Congenital syphilis
• Pathogenesis of Congenital Syphilis:
• Importantly, the manifestations of congenital infection are influenced
by the gestational age, state of maternal syphilis, maternal treatment,
and immunological response of the fetus.

• Fetal abnormalities result from a robust inflammatory response to T.

pallidum; thus, they are most pronounced after 20 weeks of gestation
since the fetal immunologic response is poorly developed in the first
half of pregnancy.

• After the placenta is infected, transplacental passage of spirochetes to

the fetal circulation leads to fetal hepatic infection and dysfunction,
followed by amniotic fluid infection, fetal hematologic abnormalities
(anemia, thrombocytopenia)
 Congenital HSV
• Transmission:
Congenital HSV has two distinct periods of infection: intrauterine,
perinatal.

. Intrauterine – Approximately 10 percent of neonatal HSV

infections are caused by intrauterine infection. Viral infection
occurs in the fetus before birth and disease manifestations are
present at birth.

. Perinatal – The majority (90 percent) of neonatal HSV infections

are acquired perinatally . HSV is acquired perinatally when HSV
infection, either symptomatic or asymptomatic, is present in the
genital tract of the pregnant woman at the time of delivery.
 Congenital HSV
• Pathogenesis of Congenital HSV:

• Intrauterine infection due to maternal primary infection –

Intrauterine infection that results from maternal primary HSV infection
and viremia during pregnancy is associated with placental infarcts;
necrotizing, calcifying funisitis (inflammation of the umbilical cord).

• Perinatal infections : Both viruses replicate in the skin and the

mucous membranes at the site of entry of the virus, where they
produce infectious virions and cause vesicular lesions of the epidermis.
 Conclusion
1. Transmission: Congenital infections can be transmitted to the fetus
through transplacental (through the placenta), ascending (from the
genital tract).

2. Timing: plays a crucial role in determining the impact on the fetus.

Infections that occur early in pregnancy can lead to structural
abnormalities, while those that occur later may primarily affect organ
function and result in long-term complications.

3. Impact on the fetus: Congenital infections can have diverse effects

on the developing fetus. Some infections, such as rubella and
cytomegalovirus (CMV), can cause multiple organ malformations and
developmental delays. The severity of the consequences can vary
widely depending on the specific infection and individual factors.
 References

1. https://www.uptodate.com
/contents/neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-infection-man
agement-and-prevention

2. https://www.uptodate.com
/contents/neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-infection-clini
cal-features-and-diagnosis
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC7998619/
 4.Discuss the clinical
aspects of the different
maternal-neonatal
microbial infections with
congenital neonatal
anomalies.
By:AZZAM ABDULLAH ALGHAMDI
AHMED HAMED AL-HAMED
NO:443022831
443024950
 INTRODUCTION

there is a wide variety of congenital anomalies and

clinical manifestations that caused by a pathogen
that infect the mother and cross the placenta and
infect the fetus (e.g. rubella,CMV, syphilis etc.) and
that what we will discuss in this objective.
 Cytomegalovirus
Transmission:
o Mother  sexual transmitted - Transplant-
transmitted infection
o Fetus Transplacental from infected mother
o Newborn during birth or postnatal via breastmilk from
infected mother

Clinical features : > adult infection

>Fetal infection >fatigue
> Jaundice >fever
> Microcephaly > Sore throat
> Low birth weight > muscle aches
> Intrauterine growth restriction (low weight)
> Hepatosplenomegaly
> Retinitis
> Hearing loss
> Vision loss
> Intellectual disability
 Herpes simplex virus
Transmission
o Mother contact with contaminated oral secretions via small skin lesions
o Fetus Transplacental from infected mother
o Newbornperinatal transmission during birth

Clinical features
>Intrauterine HSV infection
>Fetal demise, preterm birth, very low birth weight
>Microphthalmia (evidence is inconclusive)
>Vesicular skin lesions

> adult
> Cold sores .
> Sores in genitals or around anus.
> Tingling, itching or burning.
> Fever, swollen lymph nodes or muscle aches.
> dysuria.
 SYPHILIS
Transmission
o Mother  Sexual contact (contact with infectious lesion)
o Fetus  transplacental transmission from infected mother
o Neonate  perinatal transmission during birth
Clinical features :
In utero syphilis : congenital syphilis :

o Miscarriage >Miscarriage.
o Stillbirth >Low birth weight.
o Hydrops fetalis >Deformed bones.
(accumulation of fluid >Severe anemia.
Will cause edema) >hepatosplenomegaly.
>Jaundice.
>Brain and nerve problems,
(blindness or deafness).
>Meningitis.
o >Skin rashes.
Transmission
Toxoplasma gondii
Mother 
1- Cat feces
2- Raw or insufficiently cooked meat.
3- Unpasteurized milk.
o Fetus  transplacental transmission from infected mother.
Clinical features :
Consequence of congenital
Classic triad of toxoplasmosis:
toxoplasmosis: -Epilepsy.
▪ Chorioretinitis -Intellectual disability.
▪ Diffuse intracranial -Visual disabilities.
calcifications
▪ Hydrocephalus
 Rubella virus
Transmission
o Mother  Airborne droplets
o Fetus  transplacental transmission from infected mother
Risk of congenital rubella Clinical features :
syndrome: Triad of congenital rubella syndrome:
- 1–12 weeks gestation : -Cardiac defect: most common defect.
highest risk -Cataracts: Other eye manifestations
- 12–20 weeks gestation: may also occur later in life.
very low Cochlear defect.
- 20 weeks gestation: no
documented cases
 Rubella virus
Other clinical features:
 References
1.Brenda L. Tesini , MD, Neonatal Listeriosis - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional
Edition,University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Reviewed/Revised Jul 2022 |
Modified Sep 2022.
Found here:
(https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/infections-in-neonates/neonatal-listeriosis).

2. Best, J. M., & Banatvala, J. E. (1990). Congenital virus infections. BMJ (Clinical
research ed.), 300(6733), 1151–1152.found here:
(https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6733.1151).

3- https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-
handbook/congenital-rubella-syndrome.html
 0
5
Discuss the diagnosis of the
maternal- -neonatal microbial
infections
with congenital neonatal
anomalies (clinical and
Faisal Abdullah Faisal Alghamdi
442001283
laboratory diagnoses)
Toxoplasma
gondii :
Congenital toxoplasmosis can be
diagnosed during gestation and/or
after birth in the postnatal period.
The diagnostic approach to
newborns and infants varies
significantly depending on whether
the mother was screened and treated
during gestation and whether a
diagnosis of fetal infection was
attempted by amniocentesis.
Evaluation of infants with suspected congenital
toxoplasmosis should always include ophthalmologic
examination, electroencephalogram, hearing test,
blood tests, non-contrast CT scanning or ultrasound
of the brain, and examination of CSF.

Although CT scanning is the first-line diagnostic

method ultrasound can be used as an alternative to
avoid the effects of radiation in the neonatal period.
The most commonly used and accepted laboratory
method for the diagnosis of CT during gestation is
the use of PCR in amniotic fluid, and a positive test
 rus
Congenital CMV infection is diagnosed by
detection of CMV DNA in the urine, saliva
(preferred specimens), or blood, within
three weeks after birth.
Congenital CMV infection cannot be diagnosed using
samples collected more than three weeks after birth
because testing after this time cannot distinguish
between congenital infection and an infection acquired
during or after delivery.
 Herpes simplex virus
Virus isolation
The isolation of HSV in cell
culture has been recognized for
its efficiency, rapidity and low cost.
and subsequently typing the
isolate by immunofluorescence
using type-specific monoclonal
antibodies.
 DNA detection
HSV DNA can be detected and typed in vesicle
fluid or ulcer swabs . have a much greater
sensitivity
than virus isolation.
Rreferences
 0
6
Discuss the management of the maternal-
neonatal microbial infections with
congenital neonatal anomalies.
Hazem Ali Alghamdi 443029457
Saad Dafer Ali 443027054
● Candidiasis
● Azoles (fluconazole, voriconazole, and
posaconazole)

● Fluconazole is commonly used to treat

candidiasis in neonates .

● The drug may be given orally or

intravenously and is nearly completely
absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract
● Toxoplasmosis
● For fetuses: Pyrimethamine
•
and sulfonamides
● • For newborns:
Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine,
and leucovorin

● pyrimethamine
● dose of 2 mg/kg once a day for 2
days

● leucovorin
● 10 mg 3 times a week.

● sulfadiazine (50 mg/kg 2 times

a day, maximum 4 g) is begun
after neonatal jaundice has
resolved
● Listeriosis

● usually caused by eating

food contaminated with
listeria bacteria.

● mild and gets better in a few

days.

● ampicillin and
aminoglycoside
● IV. IM
● Cytomegaloviruses
● ganciclovir IV and
valganciclovir (oral prodrug of
ganciclovir

● Ganciclovir can have serious

side effects and has only been
studied in infants with
symptomatic congenital CMV
disease.

● ———

● Rubella
● There is no specific medicine to
treat rubella
● We can give the pregnant
women acetaminophen to
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by
the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis can cause serious
health effects without adequate treatment.
Syphilis can be transmitted from a mother to her fetus
during pregnancy, labor, or delivery. The primary route of
transmission is through the placenta, During childbirth, if
the mother has active syphilis sores (known as chancres)
on her cervix, vagina, or external genitalia, the bacteria can
be transmitted to the newborn during passage through the
birth canal. This is known as congenital syphilis acquired
through direct contact.
Cont
The treatment options for syphilis during pregnancy are primarily
based on the stage of syphilis and the gestational age of the
fetus.
Benzathine Penicillin:
Benzathine penicillin is formulated from two penicillin G molecules reacting with
diphenylethylene diamine.
MOA:
Benzathine penicillin is in a class of beta-lactam antimicrobials. Beta-lactams are
bactericidal antimicrobials. This type of antimicrobial inhibits the biosynthesis of the
cell wall peptidoglycan during the stage of active multiplication.
SA:
allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the
face, lips, or tongue.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV):
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes genital herpes. There
are many types of herpes viruses. Both herpes simplex
type 1 (HSV1) and herpes simplex type 2 (HSV2) can infect
the genital area. A person can be infected with both HSV1
and HSV2. HSV1 tends to occur in the upper half of the
body, mainly around the lips and mouth. HSV2 is more
commonly the cause of genital herpes. simplex virus (HSV)
from a mother to her fetus can occur through two primary
routes: transplacental or ascending transmission and
1- Acyclovir:
Acyclovir is in a class of antiviral medications
called synthetic nucleoside analogues. It works by
stopping the spread of the herpes virus in the body.
MOA:
Acyclovir is converted to its triphosphate form, acyclovir
triphosphate (ACV-TP), which competitively inhibits viral DNA
polymerase, incorporates into and terminates the growing viral
DNA chain, and inactivates the viral DNA polymerase.
SA:
Most common with oral acyclovir are lightheadedness,
headache,and abdominal pain. The most common effects
associated with parenteral acyclovir are lightheadedness and
anorexia. The most common adverse effects associated with
topical acyclovir are mild pain, burning and stinging.
2- Famciclovir (Famvir):
Famciclovir is a medication used in the management and
treatment of herpes and varicella-zoster infections. It is in
the class of nucleoside analog antiviral drugs.
MOA:
Famciclovir is converted to penciclovir, which is converted to the
triphosphate form (penciclovir triphosphate). Penciclovir
triphosphate selectively inhibits viral DNA polymerase by
competing with deoxyguanosine triphosphate
SA:
Common adverse effects are fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting
and GI upset.
 Reference
• 1.Kumar M, Saadaoui M, Al Khodor S. Infections and Pregnancy: Effects on Maternal
and Child Health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Jun 8;12:873253. doi:
10.3389/fcimb.2022.873253. PMID: 35755838; PMCID: PMC9217740.

• 2.Rowen JL, Tate JM. Management of neonatal candidiasis. Neonatal Candidiasis

Study Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Nov;17(11):1007-11. doi:
10.1097/00006454-199811000-00008. PMID: 9849983; PMCID: PMC3058476.

• 3.Wu F, Nizar S, Zhang L, Wang F, Lin X, Zhou X. Clinical features and antibiotic
treatment of early-onset neonatal listeriosis. J Int Med Res. 2022
Aug;50(8):3000605221117207. doi: 10.1177/03000605221117207. PMID:
36003027; PMCID: PMC9421226.

• 4.Nassetta L, Kimberlin D, Whitley R. Treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus

infection: implications for future therapeutic strategies. J Antimicrob Chemother.
2009 May;63(5):862-7. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp083. Epub 2009 Mar 14. PMID:
19287011; PMCID: PMC2667137.

• http://www.antimicrobe.org/drugpopup/famciclovir.htm
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152168/
• https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus
0
7
Discuss the epidemiological
aspects the different maternal-
neonatal microbial infections
with congenital neonatal
anomalies.
Ahmed Fehaid alqarni 443025517
Maternal-neonatal microbial infections can contribute to
congenital anomalies. These include conditions like
cytomegalovirus, rubella, and toxoplasmosis , Listeria, HSV

1-CMV
Primary CMV infection during pregnancy poses a 30% to 40%
risk of intrauterine transmission and adverse outcome is
more likely when infection occurs within the first half of
gestation.
Also It’s the most common cause of congenital hearing loss in
the United States, and the global burden of disease is also
high.
2-Listeria
L. monocytogenes is a small Gram-positive bacterium that is
transmitted through contaminated food.
Listeria is a unique pathogen because it has an intracellular
life cycle. The incidence of listeriosis in pregnancy is 12 per
100,000. Pregnant women represent 14% of all affected
individuals. In a recent outbreak in South Africa, the
mortality rate for infants was 28%.

3-Rubella
During pregnancy can cause a congenital rubella syndrome,
pregnant women The first trimester had the highest
prevalence (21.88%), followed by the second trimester
(18.84%) and the third trimester (17.44%).
Rubella has decreased since the introduction of Rubella
4-HSV (herpes simplex virus)
Intrauterine viral transmission is highest during the first 20
weeks of gestation leading to abortion, stillbirth, and
congenital anomalies. The perinatal mortality is 50%.

5-Toxoplasma Gondii
The incidence of acute maternal toxoplasmosis infection
during pregnancy is estimated at 0.2% to 1.0%. Congenital
fetal toxoplasmosis in the United States ranges from 1 to 2
per 10,000 live births.
There are more than 200,000 cases of congenital
toxoplasmosis globally each year.
Reference:

1-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119141/

2-https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-021-00610-y

3-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484781/
 8:Control of maternal-
neonatal microbial
infections with congenital
neonatal anomalies

Anas salih sahab 443022609

 Prevention of toxoplasmosis in pregnant
women

Avoid any job or activity Keep cats Disinfect the cat

that requires contact inside. Do litter box with
with dirt, soil, or other not adopt or near-boiling water
material potentially
handle stray for 5 minutes
contaminated with cat
feces
cats. before handling

Wash hands Protect foods from

thoroughly after Cook meat
thoroughly. flies, cockroaches,
contact with raw and other insects
meat
 Prevention of Rubella
Active
Passive
Immunization
Immunization One dose of live
attenuated rubella
Administration of immune vaccine (RA 27/3, RCV)
globulin after exposure to induces rubella IgG
rubella virus will not antibody seroconversion
prevent infection or in 95% or more of
viremia but might modify persons. Immunity is
or suppress symptoms. considered long term,
MMR vaccine protects against probably lifelong.
three diseases: measles, mumps,
and rubella. CDC recommends
children get two doses of MMR
vaccine, starting with the first dose
at 12 through 15 months of age,
and the second dose at 4 through
6 years of age. Teens and adults
should also be up to date on their
MMR vaccination.
 Prevention of cytomegalovirus
CMV spreads mainly by sexual,
tissue transplantation, and
transfusion routes; and spread by
these means is preventable.
CMV is passed from person to person
by direct contact with body fluids
Do not share food, drinks, eating utensils, or a
toothbrush with a child. containing the virus.

Do not put a child's pacifier in your mouth. Can also be reduced through
the screening of potential
Avoid contact with a child's saliva when kissing or blood and organ donors for
snuggling. CMV seronegativity.
Kiss them on the forehead or the top of the head
instead of on the lips or cheek.

Wash your hands often with soap and water for 15 to

 Prevention of Herpes Simplex Virus
● Avoidance of direct contact with lesions reduces the risk of
infection.

● HSV is readily inactivated by soap, disinfectants, bleach, and

70% ethanol. Washing with soap readily disinfects the virus.
● Patients who have a history of genital HSV infection must be
instructed to refrain from sexual intercourse while they have
prodromal symptoms or lesions
● A pregnant woman who has active genital HSV infection or
who is asymptomatically shedding the virus in the vagina at
term may transmit HSV to the neonate if the infant is
delivered vaginally. Such transmission can be prevented by
cesarean section.
 Reference
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/
gen_info/pregnant.html
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/index.html

https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/
cytomegalovirus/prevent.html

https://www.clinicalkey.com/student/content/book/3-
s2.0-B978044310561600153X
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02 03
INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND METHODOLOGY

04 05 06
RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION
 0
1
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A MEDICAL
BREAKTHROUGH?

A medical breakthrough:
● Represents a significant advancement in
the field of medicine
● Challenges conventional medical practices
and beliefs
● Holds the potential to revolutionize
treatments, improve patient outcomes and
save lives

In summary, a medical breakthrough can

revolutionize medical care and improve patient
lives
 BACKGROUND

CURRENT EMERGING BREAKTHROUGH

LANDSCAPE TRENDS VISION
Highlight the current Focus on emerging Outline a visionary goal
challenges and medical trends, for the breakthrough,
limitations in the medical technologies, or scientific such as curing a disease
field that require a discoveries that present or revolutionizing
breakthrough. Describe an opportunity for a procedures. Highlight the
the healthcare problems, breakthrough. Discuss broader impact on
diseases or conditions the potential benefits, healthcare and global
that need innovative such as more accurate quality of life
solutions diagnostics or preventive
measures
 METHODOLOGY

STUDY DESIGN DATA COLLECTION

Outline the research design for the Explain the methods and tools used for
medical breakthrough. Describe the type data collection, including patient records
of study, sample size, inclusion and or examinations. Emphasize data
exclusion criteria and ethical accuracy and patient privacy
considerations

DATA ANALYSIS RESULTS VALIDATION

Describe the approach for analyzing the Discuss the steps taken to validate the
collected data. Explain the statistical results. Explain how the findings will be
methods and qualitative analysis reviewed, confirmed or peer-reviewed for
techniques used to derive meaningful scientific rigor
insights
 RESULTS
DATA ANALYSIS QUANT. RESULTS QUAL. RESULTS
Present the analyzed data Focus on numerical results Discuss qualitative
from the study. Describe derived from the analysis. findings from interviews
the methods used for Present percentages, or surveys. Present
analysis and highlight key means or correlations and themes, patterns and
findings and trends use visual aids include examples

COMPARISON LIMITATIONS CONCLUSIONS

Compare results with Acknowledge study Summarize the findings
existing literature or limitations. Discuss and their implications.
previous studies. Highlight challenges faced during Discuss the impact on
similarities, differences, data collection, analysis medical practice, patient
and novel insights for as well care or future research
knowledge as interpretation
 10x faster
This treatment is 10 times faster than previous
treatments

50%
Reduction in complications

85%
Success rate for the breakthrough
 95%
Use percentages in your breakthrough presentation to quantify
and communicate the frequency or proportion of an important
finding
 COLUMN CHART
UNDERSTANDING
THE NUMBERS
Use this slide to present
data on the outcomes of
patients who have received
treatment for a particular
condition or disease. A
column chart can be an
effective way to illustrate
changes in patient outcomes
over time. Consider
including data from clinical
trials or real-world patient
populations to showcase the
impact
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 MILESTONES

Discovery Preclinical research Early phase Phase I clinical trial

clinical trial

Phase II clinical trial Phase III clinical trial FDA review Post-market
monitoring
 TREATMENT OPTIONS
TREATMENT OPTION EFFICACY RATE SIDE EFFECTS COST AVAILABILITY

Medication A 80% Mild $$ Widely available

Medication B 70% Moderate $$$ Available only with prescription

Surgery 90% High $$$$ Requires specialized facilities

Radiation therapy 75% Moderate $$ Available in most hospitals

Immunotherapy 65% Moderate $$$$ Available only in select medical centers

Physical therapy 60% Mild $$ Widely available

 CLINICAL TRIAL PHASES
PHASE 1: SAFETY AND DOSAGE PHASE 2: SIDE EFFECTS

● Participants: 20-100 healthy volunteers ● Participants: Up to several hundred people with

● Objective: To determine safe dosage and identify the condition
side effects ● Objective: Determine effectiveness and further
● Duration: 6 months evaluate safety
● Success rate: 80% of participants completed the ● Duration: 12 months
trial without experiencing significant side effects ● Success rate: 65% of participants experienced a
significant improvement in symptoms

PHASE 3: LARGE-SCALE TESTING PHASE 4: POST-MARKET MONITORING

● Participants: From several hundred to ● Participants: Thousands of people with the

thousands of people with the condition condition who are taking the drug
● Objective: To confirm effectiveness, monitor side ● Objective: To monitor long-term safety and
effects, and compare to effectiveness and detect rare side effects
standard treatments ● Duration: Ongoing
● Duration: 24 months ● Success rate: No safety concerns identified in
● Success rate: New treatment was better in 75% the two years since the approval for market use
cases
 DATA AND STATISTICS
KEY PERFORMANCE
INDICATOR
NUMBER
TREND IN PATIENT OUTCOMES
Patients treated 2,500
● Illustrate the trend in patient outcomes
Success rate 95% over time
● Highlight the impact of the medical
Average recovery time 3 days
breakthrough on patient outcomes
● Describe any significant changes or
improvements observed in the graph
● List the key performance indicators
(KPIs) relevant to the medical
breakthrough
● Enter the values or metrics for each KPI
in the table
● Discuss the significance of each KPI and
its relation to the breakthrough
● Highlight any notable achievements or
milestones reflected in the table
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 IMPLICATIONS
“It's been a true lifesaver for a close relative. He can enjoy life again without
any discomfort at all”

—DR. JOHN SMITH, MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL

“I've seen a significant improvement in patient outcomes. This breakthrough

makes treatment more efficient and personalized”

—DR. JANE DOE, MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL

“We are impressed with the safety and effectiveness of this breakthrough. It
will greatly benefit patients and healthcare systems”

—SANJAY PATEL, REGULATORY BODY

REPRESENTATIVE
 KEY MEMBERS

MARK JONES SARAH JAMES

Use a sentence that Use a sentence that
describe their job describe their job

Role: Clinical trial manager Role: Lead researcher

Contributions: Contributions:
● You can enter a description of the ● You can enter a description of
contributions here the contributions here
● You can enter a description of the ● You can enter a description of
contributions here the contributions here
● You can enter a description of the ● You can enter a description of
contributions here the contributions here
 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
BACKGROUND
CONCLUSIONS
Briefly introduce the context of the investigation, such as the
medical condition or problem being addressed and the goals Briefly summarize the main findings
1 of the study or analysis
STUDY DESIGN
Describe the design of the study, such as whether it was a
randomized controlled trial or observational study, the sample Discuss the implications of the
size and the inclusion and exclusion criteria 2 findings and how they relate to the
original research question
FINDINGS
Summarize the main findings of the investigation, including
statistical results and any important trends or patterns REFERENCES
observed
Include a reference page with the sources
IMPACT used in your presentation. List the sources
Discuss the implications of the findings for patients, healthcare
in alphabetical order and include the
providers and other stakeholders. You could also mention any author's name, the title of the source, the
potential limitations of the study or areas for future research publication date and the publisher or URL
 THANKS
DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS?
[email protected]
+91 620 421 838
yourwebsite.com

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