Chemistry for All

• Chemistry accounts for the

proliferation of many consumer
products that are found in the
supermarkets, shopping malls, car
shops, gas stations and many other
places. Among the many products of
chemical researches are:
• A. synthetic fibers with luster, good
texture and strength for clothing ,
carpets and upholstery;
• B. plastics are as strong as metals but
are lightweight
• C. new ceramics that are electrically
superconducting
• D. personal care products such as
shampoo, bath soaps, cleansers,
laundry bars/powder and perfume
• E. polymers of various sizes,
sophisticated toys, sports equipment
and electronic components
• F. drugs for various ailments
 What is
Chemistry?
• Chemistry deals with
matter and the changes
that takes place in matter
• It pertains to the following:
• A. Properties of matter
• B. Composition and
structure of matter
• C. Changes that matter
undergoes
• D. Energy that
accompanies these
changes
• E. Laws and principles
which govern such changes
Chemistry

• It is the study of
matter, its
composition, its
structure, its
properties, the
processes that
matter undergoes,
and the energy
changes that
accompany these
processes.
Branches of Chemistry
1. Organic Chemistry – the study of carbon-
based compounds; with few exemptions like
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
2. Inorganic Chemistry – the study of
compounds that do not contain carbon

3. Biochemistry – the study of the chemistry

of living systems

4. Analytical Chemistry – the study of the

quality and quantity of components of
substances
5. Physical Chemistry – the study of the
mechanism, rates and energetics of chemical
reactions
 What is
matter?
• Matter is
anything that
occupies space
and has mass.
• It includes all
that can and
cannot be seen
like air. It can be
touched like
water.
 States of Matter
• 1. Solid – has definite
shape and volume. The
particles in a solid are
tightly packed together.
• 2. Liquid – has indefinite
shape and but definite
volume. The particles in a
liquid are close with one
another but not as close
as solid.
• 3. Gas- has indefinite
shape and volume. It can
expand to fill any volume.
The particles in a gas are
much farther apart.
• 4. Plasma – It is formed
by heating and ionizing a
gas, made up of groups of
negatively and positively
charged particles. They
are often observed in
ionized gases, aurora
borealis, lightning and
comet tails.

• 5. Bose-Einstein
Condensate – produced
when a cloud of bosons( a
type of an elementary
particle of matter) is
cooled to temperatures
very close to absolute zero
such that large fraction of
bosons condense.
•
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

• 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• INTESIVE & EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Properties of Matter
• 1. Physical Properties – are characteristics
by which we described matter and which can
be determined without changing its identity
• Let us Study the properties of some materials below:
• A. Gold is solid, malleable and has a density
of 19.3 g/mL
• B. Table salt is crystalline, white, salty and
soluble in water
• C. Alcohol is liquid and is miscible with water.
• D. Copper is ductile and is a good conductor
of heat
• Water boils at 100 degree Celsius and
freezes at 0 degree Celsius at sea level
 Extensive vs. Intensive
• Properties
Extensive properties depend on the
amount of matter present
• A. Mass
• B. Volume
• C. Size
• D. Length
• E. Width
• Intensive properties do not depend on the
amount of matter present
• A. Phase
• B. Odor
• C. Color
• D. Solubility
• E. Density
• 1. Mass means amount of matter. It
is expressed in grams or kilograms
• 2. Volume is the space occupied by
matter. It maybe expressed in
milliliters or liters
• 3. Solubility is the ability to
dissolve in a liquid
• 4. Miscibility is the ability of a
liquid to dissolve in another liquid
• 5. Hardness is the property of a
liquid to resist compression or
scratching
• 6. Malleability is the ability of the
metal to be flattened into sheets
• 7. Melting point is the temperature at
which a substance begins to change
from solid to liquid
• 8. Boiling point is the temperature at
which a substance begins to bubble up
and change from liquid to gas
• 9. Conductivity is the ability of some
materials to conduct heat or electricity
• 10. Ductility is the ability of some
materials to be drawn into wires
• 11. Brittleness is the property of some
materials that makes them easily break
or crumble to pieces
2. Chemical Properties
• It refers to the ability of the substance to
undergo changes to transform into different
substance
• It describes how a substance react with
another substance.
• Examples of which are :
• 1. Flammability – the ability of a
substance to burn when in contact
with flame.
• 2. Chemical reactivity – described in
terms of how substance reacts with
another substance.
• 3. Radioactivity – is the property
exhibited by certain types of matter
of emitting energy and subatomic
particles spontaneously.
• 4. pH Level- is a scale used to
specify how acidic or basic a water-
based solution is.
• 5. Corrosion – is a natural process
which converts a refined metal to
more chemically-stable form such as
oxides, hydroxide or sulfide.
• It is the gradual destruction of
materials by chemical or
electrochemical reaction with their
Classification of Matter
• Substance is a homogeneous material consisting of one
particular kind of matter
 Methods of Separating
Mixtures
• 1. Filtration – is a process used to separate an
insoluble solid ( precipitate) from a mixture. The
precipitates remain settled or remain suspended
throughout the mixture.
• 2. Distillation – is a process whereby a liquid is
converted into vapor by boiling and the vapor is
condensed back to liquid by cooling.
• 3. Crystallization – is a method to separate a
soluble solid from its solution based from the different
solubility of solids in water at 25 degrees Celsius.
• 4. Decantation – is a
process of separating a
solid from a liquid by
pouring off the liquid
after allowing the solid to
settle in the liquid.

• 5. Dissolution – is
another method in which
a mixture of a soluble
and insoluble solid
substances can be
separated by using an
appropriate solvent.
• 6. Chromatography- is a versatile technique for
separating mixtures employed to separate the
components of a mixture based on their relative
solubility in two materials or phases that are set up to
move past each other in essentially opposite
directions.
• 7. Sublimation is the process of changing solid to
the gaseous form without passing through the liquid
state. Naphthalene can be separated from table salt
by sublimation.
• 8. Centrifugation is a technique used for
the separation of particles from a solution
according to their size, shape, density,
viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. The
particles are suspended in a liquid medium
and placed in a centrifuge tube. The tube is
then placed in a rotor and spun at a define
speed.
• 9. Flotation is a process in liquid-solid separation technology
whereby solids in suspension are recovered by their
attachment to gas (usually air) bubbles, usually with objective
of removing the solids from the liquid. The particles most
effectively removed are in the size range from 10 to 200 μm.
The particle-bubble aggregates that are formed have a
density less than the suspension itself; they rise to the
surface and are removed.
• 10. Evaporation is a technique used to separate out
homogeneous mixtures where there is one or more
dissolved salts. The method drives off the liquid
components from the solid components. The process
typically involves heating the mixture until no more
liquid remains.
• 11.Sieving is defined as a method in which
two or more components of different sizes
are separated from a mixture on the basis of
the difference in their sizes. Thus, it cannot
separate two substances in a mixture which
have the same size. For example, it cannot
separate a mixture of chalk powder from flour.
Scientific Measurement

•Measurement
• We already know that observations are an
important part of the scientific method.
Hypothesis are accepted or rejected
based on how well they explain
observations.
• Some observations, such as "the plant
turned brown" are qualitative; these
observations have no associated numbers.
A quantitative observation includes
numbers, and is also called a
measurement. A measurement is
obtained by comparing an object to some
standard.
 Measurement
•is a process of comparing a
known quantity like measuring
device to an unknown quantity,
things or objects to be
measured.

•The scientific system of

measurement is called the
metric system.
 Accuracy vs. Precision
• Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured
value to a standard or known value.
• Precision
refers to the closeness of two or more
measurements to each other.

• A good analogy for understanding accuracy and

precision is to imagine a basketball player
shooting baskets. If the player shoots with
accuracy, his aim will always take the ball close to
or into the basket. If the player shoots with
precision, his aim will always take the ball to the
same location which may or may not be close to
the basket. A good player will be both accurate
and precise by shooting the ball the same way
each time and each time making it in the basket.